Working memory capacity and cognitive styles in decision-making

Fletcher, Jennifer; Marks, Anthony D. G.; Hine, Donald W.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.002

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It has been found to be positively associated with biases and negatively with syllogistic reasoning (Fletcher et al 2011). By extension this may lead to the assumption that high experientiality will be negatively associated with diagnostic reasoning and would then be related to lower diagnostic classification accuracy.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rationality has been found to be positively associated with higher working memory capacity and better syllogistic reasoning and negatively with biases (Fletcher et al 2011), which could imply that rationality is positively associated with diagnostic reasoning as well. On the other hand, results of studies by Corbin et al (2010) and Delaney and Sahakyan (2007) indicate that participants with high working memory capacities, who are, by association, rational (Fletcher et al 2011), are influenced by contextual information to a relatively large extent. Contextual information may not always be relevant for diagnostic classification and may sometimes even be distracting.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, results of studies by Corbin et al (2010) and Delaney and Sahakyan (2007) indicate that participants with high working memory capacities, who are, by association, rational (Fletcher et al 2011), are influenced by contextual information to a relatively large extent. Contextual information may not always be relevant for diagnostic classification and may sometimes even be distracting.…”

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confidence: 97%

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Associations between psychologists’ thinking styles and accuracy on a diagnostic classification task

et al. 2012

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The present study investigated whether individual differences between psychologists in thinking styles are associated with accuracy in diagnostic classification. We asked novice and experienced clinicians to classify two clinical cases of clients with two co-occurring psychological disorders. No significant difference in diagnostic accuracy was found between the two groups, but when combining the data from novices and experienced psychologists accuracy was found to be negatively associated with certain decision making strategies and with a higher self-assessed ability and preference for a rational thinking style. Our results underscore the idea that it might be fruitful to look for explanations of differences in the accuracy of diagnostic judgments in individual differences between psychologists (such as in thinking styles or decision making strategies used), rather than in experience level. Keywords Diagnostic classification · Thinking style · Decision makingClinical psychologists make multiple decisions and judgments in the process of helping people with psychological disorders (Garb 2005). Of these, diagnosing or diagnostic classification of a client's problems is a very important judgment since it will influence the clinical hypotheses and explanations generated, the formulations of prognoses and eventually the treatment recommendations made (Vermande et al. 1996).It has been suggested that consulting the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association 2000), which provides explicit and specific criteria for the diagnosis of the different disorders, is related to greater reliability, fewer biases and less under-and over-diagnosing than when classification is done without using such checklists (see Garb 1998). Yet diagnostic classification is not always done by comparing the client's symptoms to DSM-criteria. For instance, it has been found that experienced psychologists compare clients to prototypes (Garb 1996), that the construction of causal relations between symptoms may influence diagnostic classification (Kim and Ahn 2002) and that diagnosing disorders may involve the use of intuition (Srivastava and Grube 2009).In previous research concerning the accuracy of psychologists' judgments and decisions, a comparison has often been made between novices and experienced psychologists. In many such studies no significant differences in accuracy are found between these groups (e.g., see Garb 1998). A recent meta-analysis by Spengler et al. (2009) suggests that there is a small but reliable effect (d = 0.15) in favour of experienced clinicians. As the authors point out, this implies that very large samples are needed to have enough power to find significant results, which may be especially difficult with this group. Regardless of this, given this small effect size the authors raise the question whether experience is the best predictor of judgment accuracy. They call for more research into individual differences between psychologists, aside from their exper...

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 97%

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Associations between psychologists’ thinking styles and accuracy on a diagnostic classification task

et al. 2012

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“…manipulation of information or behaviors) as a part of completing goal-directed actions. Individuals with greater working memory capacity were found to show a greater preference for a "rational" thinking style associated with superior reasoning skill and flexible processing (Fletcher, Marks, & Hine, 2011). Several studies have demonstrated a high correlation between reasoning ability and working memory capacity (Kyllonen & Christal, 1990;Süß, Oberauer, Wittmann, Wilhelm & Schulze, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Insightful Manipulator: Machiavellians’ Interpersonal Tactics May Be Linked to Their Superior Information Processing Skills

Bereczkei¹,

Birkás²

2014

IJPS

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Recent studies have revealed that Machiavellians are capable of exploiting others effectively even in the long run, using flexible strategies and adjusting their behavior according to the social circumstances. We predicted that information manipulation skills (e.g. memorizing, organization) would play an important role in Machiavellians' reasoning skills and flexible thinking. Subjects (N=114) performed 4 different cognitive tasks measuring ability to memorize, organize and analyze information, and use information in reasoning. We observed a significant positive association between Machiavellianism and information processing and information manipulation skills, which suggests that Machiavellians preferentially use a "rational" thinking style, which is associated with flexible processing. This interpretation is consistent with recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies showing increased neural activation in areas related to working memory, inference making and anticipation of success in Machiavellians.

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“…Further twin research is required to investigate whether indecisiveness is heritable, and whether it has genetic and environmental factors in common with hoarding. Although indecisiveness is a promising CEP, it is unclear whether it is best regarded as a unitary construct or whether more informative CEPs would consist of variables comprising the elements of decisionmaking (e.g., working memory capacity and syllogistic reasoning ability for processes involving rational decision-making, and emotional/motivational factors for processes involving intuitive aspects of decision-making; Fletcher, Marks & Hine, 2011). It also remains to be determined whether indecisiveness is a narrow CEP (e.g., specific to hoarding and perhaps to a small number of other clinical conditions) or whether it is a broad CEP.…”

Section: Narrow Versus Broad Endophenotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endophenotypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Current status and future directions

Taylor

2012

Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

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Working memory capacity and cognitive styles in decision-making

Cited by 38 publications

References 21 publications

Associations between psychologists’ thinking styles and accuracy on a diagnostic classification task

Associations between psychologists’ thinking styles and accuracy on a diagnostic classification task

The Insightful Manipulator: Machiavellians’ Interpersonal Tactics May Be Linked to Their Superior Information Processing Skills

Endophenotypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Current status and future directions

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