X-ray Diffraction Phase Analysis of Changes in the Lattice of Pervouralsk Quartzite upon Heating

Abstract

At present, quartzite is widely used across many industries. The properties of quartzite significantly affect the technology used during the preparation of the raw materials as well as the technology used for manufacturing the final product, which may be intended for further operation at different temperatures. The purpose of the study was to create a scheme for the transformation of quartzite that would describe the changes in the parameters of its lattice parameter upon heating and would offer guidance regarding the drying technology and technology required to obtain tridymite. A Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer was used to study changes in the phase composition of quartzite at the temperatures of 200, 400, 600, 879, 1000, 1200, 1470, and 1550 °C. A detailed scheme of transformations of PKMVI-1 quartzite with a SiO2 content of at least 97.5% at normal pressure was proposed for crystalline modifications formed during its heating. As a result of this research, the changes in the parameters of the lattice parameter—such as the average interplanar distance davg, the volume of the unit cell Vavg, the density of the unit cell Davg, and the molecular weight Mavg—were established.

Analysis of a Predictive Mathematical Model of Weather Changes Based on Neural Networks

“…Second, grouping neural networks can help with robustness in terms of noise and outliers. If one neural network makes an error using certain examples, other neural networks can compensate for this error and improve the overall prediction accuracy [44][45][46][47].…”

Increasing the Efficiency of Synthetic Iron Production by the Use of New Kit Lining

“…When operating these furnaces, their high reliability, ease of maintenance, and high resistance to the acid lining, reaching 300-350 melts, have been observed. Synthetic cast iron smelting in ICFs allows for the deep thermal treatment, refining, modification, and alloying of liquid metal and the production of alloys with predetermined properties superior to cast iron obtained by the wax smelting method [6][7][8][9]. In addition, induction melting contributes to the destruction of the imperfect structure of initial charge materials.…”