X-ray micro-CT used for the localization of water repellents and consolidants inside natural building stones

Cnudde, Veerle; Cnudde, Jean; Dupuis, Christian; Jacobs, Patric

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2004.08.011

Cited by 83 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…X-ray micro-radiography stands out as a promising tool in research of consolidants inside natural building stones [14][15][16]. The importance of the technique is in the possibility to evaluate the efficiency of stone preservation processes in a reasonably large stone volume [15] in a nondestructive way.…”

Section: Evaluating and Monitoring Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This results in unreasonably long imaging time for sufficient photon statistics. The introduction of a contrast agent enhances the attenuation properties of the monitored consolidants in the stone matrix [15,16]. However, due to this mixing process, the penetration ability of the consolidant in the stone is altered, presenting a significant limitation of this approach (see figure 1).…”

Section: Current and Proposed Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

High-contrast X-ray radiography using hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors with 1 mm thick Si sensor as a tool for monitoring liquids in natural building stones

Krejci¹,

Slavíková²,

Žemlička³

et al. 2014

J. Inst.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For the preservation of buildings and other cultural heritage, the application of various conservation products such as consolidants or water repellents is often used. X-ray radiography utilizing semiconductor particle-counting detectors stands out as a promising tool in research of consolidants inside natural building stones. However, a clear visualization of consolidation products is often accomplished by doping with a contrast agent, which presents a limitation. This approach causes a higher attenuation for X-rays, but also alters the penetration ability of the original consolidation product. In this contribution, we focus on the application of Medipix type detectors newly equipped with a 1 mm thick Si sensor. This thicker sensor has enhanced detection efficiency leading to extraordinary sensitivity for monitoring consolidants and liquids in natural building stones even without any contrast agent. Consequently, methods for the direct monitoring of organosilicon consolidants and dynamic visualization of the water uptake in the Opuka stone using high-contrast X-ray radiography are demonstrated. The presented work demonstrates a significant improvement in the monitoring sensitivity of X-ray radiography in stone consolidation studies and also shows advantages of this detector configuration for X-ray radiography in general.

show abstract

Section: Evaluating and Monitoring Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current and Proposed Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-contrast X-ray radiography using hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors with 1 mm thick Si sensor as a tool for monitoring liquids in natural building stones

Krejci¹,

Slavíková²,

Žemlička³

et al. 2014

J. Inst.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In order to correctly interpret the effect of these products, it is essentially to know the initial configuration of the porous network and the spacial distribution of conservation products. SEM-EDX and X-ray micro-computed tomography, combined with specific 3D software, had been employed to determine the impregnation depth and distribution of consolidants and water repellents in several building materials (Ruiz de Argandoña et al, 2003;Mees et al, 2003;Cnudde et al, 2004;De Vetter et al, 2006;Rodríguez-Rey et al, 2006). Nevertheless, this arrangement of techniques is not easily available and is presently limited to detect pores larger than 10μm.…”

Section: Conservation Product Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Characterization of Conservation Products Distribution in Building Stone Porous Network

Zoghlami¹,

Gras²

2011

Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionStone has been used as a building material for thousands of years. It has long been recognised as a material of great durability and superior artistic quality, the foremost choice for buildings associated with status, power and religion. The pyramids in Giza, Burial Chambers in the UK and The Prehistoric Temples Of Malta were all built from stone over 4000 years ago and are still standing. The use of stone in construction has declined over the last hundred years, but it remains an aristocrat of building materials. Building stone derives from one of three naturally occurring rock types: Igneous rocks: Rrocks are buried deep within the Earth, they melt because of the high pressure and temperature; the molten rock (magma) can then flow upward or even be erupted from a volcano onto the Earth's surface. When magma cools slowly, usually at depths of thousands of feet, crystals grow from the molten liquid, and a coarse-grained rock forms. The best example is Granite. When magma cools rapidly, usually at or near the Earth's surface, the crystals are extremely small, and a fine-grained rock results. The fame example is Basalts. A wide variety of rocks are formed by different cooling rates and different chemical compositions of the original magma. Both varieties correspond to a hard and non-porous rock. Sedimentary rocks: are formed at the surface of the Earth, either in water or on land. They are layered accumulations of sediments-fragments of rocks, minerals, or animal or plant material. Most sedimentary rocks become cemented together by minerals and chemicals or are held together by electrical attraction; some, however, remain loose and unconsolidated. Consolidate Sedimentary rocks are Soft and fairly porous rock widely used as building materials, the best examples are sandstone and limestone. Metamorphic rocks: Hard and non-porous rock formed from pre-existing rock that has been transformed by intense heat or pressure within the Earth's crust. The process of metamorphism does not melt the rocks, but instead transforms them into denser, more compact rocks. New minerals are created either by rearrangement of mineral components or by reactions with fluids that enter the rocks. Some kinds of metamorphic such as gneiss and biotite schist are two strongly banded or foliated. Pressure or temperature can even change www.intechopen.com Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications 328 previously metamorphosed rocks into new types. The most metamorphic rocks used in construction are marble and slate. There are huge variations within each of these rock types, caused by specific mineralogy and geology conditions, and while any stone can be used for building, they each have constraints that make them more or less suitable for different purposes. Granite, sandstone and limestone can all be used for building walls, but slate is only suitable for roofs and floors. Some types of granite can contain mineral salts that cause spalling, where the outer face of stone falls off; slate can contain harmful minerals that break down on ex...

show abstract

“…These studies presented superficial 2D images of treated samples only as an illustration of the distribution of the water repellent in the rock. SEM-EDX and X-ray microcomputed tomography, combined with specific 3D software, had been employed to determine the impregnation depth and distribution of consolidants and water repellents in several constructive materials (Cnudde et al, 2004;De Vetter et al, 2006;Mees et al, 2003;Rodríguez-Rey et al, 2006;Ruiz de Argandoñ a et al, 2003). Nevertheless, this arrangement of techniques is not easily available and is presently limited to detecting pores larger than 10 lm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser scanning confocal microscopy characterization of water repellent distribution in a sandstone pore network

Zoghlami

Gómez‐Gras

Corbella

et al. 2008

Microscopy Res & Technique

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the present work, we propose the use of the Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) to determine the effect of water repellents on rock's pore-network configuration and interconnection. The rocks studied are sandstones of Miocene age, a building material that is commonly found in the architectural heritage of Tunisia. The porosity quantitative data of treated and untreated samples, obtained by mercury porosimetry tests, were compared. The results show a slight decrease in total porosity with the water repellent treatment, which reduced both microporosity and macroporosity. This reduction produced a modification in pore size distribution and a shift of the pore access size mode interval toward smaller pore diameters (from the 30-40 microm to the 20-30 microm intervals). The water repellent was observed in SEM images as a continuous film coating grain surfaces; moreover, it was easily visualized in LSCM, by staining the water repellent with Epodye fluorochrome, and the coating thickness was straightforwardly measured (1.5-2 microm). In fact, the combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry data and LSCM observations suggests that the porosity reduction and the shift of the pore diameter mode were mainly due to the general reduction of pore diameters, but also to the plugging of the smallest pores (less than 3-4 microm in diameter) by the water repellent film. Finally, the LSCM technique enabled the reconstruction of 3D views of the water repellent coating film in the pore network, indicating that its distribution was uniform and continuous over the 100 microm thick sample. The LSCM imaging facilitates the integration and interpretation of mercury porosimetry and SEM data.

show abstract

X-ray micro-CT used for the localization of water repellents and consolidants inside natural building stones

Cited by 83 publications

References 24 publications

High-contrast X-ray radiography using hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors with 1 mm thick Si sensor as a tool for monitoring liquids in natural building stones

High-contrast X-ray radiography using hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors with 1 mm thick Si sensor as a tool for monitoring liquids in natural building stones

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Characterization of Conservation Products Distribution in Building Stone Porous Network

Laser scanning confocal microscopy characterization of water repellent distribution in a sandstone pore network

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About