Yellow Fever Encephalitis: An Emerging and Resurging Global Public Health Threat in a Changing Environment

Karunamoorthi, Kaliyaperumal

doi:10.5772/52244

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Insect-transmitted diseases cause over a million deaths and threaten hundreds of millions lives every year [ 1 ]. In the recent decades, the global warming, unplanned urbanization, and unchecked anthropogenic activities has contributed to the emergence and resurgence of many insect-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, dengue fever, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and several Arbo-viral diseases [ 2 ]. Malaria is a life-threatening disease [ 3 ], and the malaria parasites are transmitted via mosquitoes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect repellent plants traditional usage practices in the Ethiopian malaria epidemic-prone setting: an ethnobotanical survey

Karunamoorthi

Hailu

2014

J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine

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BackgroundThe usage of insect repellent plants (IRPs) is one of the centuries-old practices in Africa. In Ethiopia, malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, subsequently the majority of people have a tendency to apply various plants as repellents to reduce or interrupt the biting activity of insects. Accordingly, this survey was undertaken to document and evaluate knowledge and usage practices of the local inhabitants on IRPs in the malaria epidemic-prone setting of Ethiopia.MethodsEthnobotanical survey was conducted between January and May 2013. Selected 309 household members were interviewed by administering pre-tested questionnaire on knowledge and usage practices of repellent plants, in Bechobore Kebele, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.ResultsOverall, 70.2% (217/309) and 91.8% (199/217) of the respondents have had ample awareness and usage practices of repellent plants, respectively. Informants cited about twenty-two plant species as repellents and also indicated that these plants are useful(85.5%), accessible(86.8%), and affordable(83.9%) too. Residents mainly applying dried leaves [93.9% (187/199)] by means of burning/smouldering [98.9% (197/199)] with the traditional charcoal stove to repel insects, primarily mosquitoes. About 52.8% (105/199) of the informants using aproximately15g of dried plant-materials every day. A Chi-square analysis shows statistically a significant link between the knowledge on repellent plants and gender as well as average monthly income although not with the age of the respondents. Nevertheless, the repellent plant usage custom was not significantly associated with gender, monthly income, and age of the informants.ConclusionThough most of the people have had an adequate awareness still a sizable faction of society suffers with deprivation of IRPs knowledge and usage practices. Therefore, this study calls for more surveys to conserve the existing indigenous knowledge and cultural practices. It could lay the first stone to develop the next generation cost-effective vector control tools in the near future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect repellent plants traditional usage practices in the Ethiopian malaria epidemic-prone setting: an ethnobotanical survey

Karunamoorthi

Hailu

2014

J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine

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“…Mosquitoes are important vectors for a range of human and animal pathogens, including the malaria parasite Plasmodium [1] and the yellow fever, Dengue, Chikungunya and West Nile viruses [2-5]. As glycans coat both pathogen and host cell surfaces, many interactions between host and pathogen are glycan-mediated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Targeted release and fractionation reveal glucuronylated and sulphated N- and O-glycans in larvae of dipteran insects

Kurz

Aoki

Jin

et al. 2015

Journal of Proteomics

104

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Mosquitoes are important vectors of parasitic and viral diseases with Anopheles gambiae transmitting malaria and Aedes aegypti spreading yellow and Dengue fevers. Using two different approaches (solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase or hydrophilic interaction HPLC fractionation followed by MALDI-TOF MS or permethylation followed by NSI-MS), we examined the N-glycans of both A. gambiae and A. aegypti larvae and demonstrate the presence of a range of paucimannosidic glycans as well as bi- and tri-antennary glycans, some of which are modified with fucose or with sulphate or glucuronic acid residues; the latter anionic modifications were also found on N-glycans of larvae from another dipteran species (Drosophila melanogaster). The sulphate groups are attached primarily to core α-mannose residues (especially the α1,6-linked mannose), whereas the glucuronic acid residues are linked to non-reducing β1,3-galactose. Also, O-glycans were found to possess glucuronic acid and sulphate as well as phosphoethanolamine modifications. The presence of sulphated and glucuronylated N-glycans is a novel feature in dipteran glycomes; these structures have the potential to act as additional anionic glycan ligands involved in parasite interactions with the vector host. Biological significance statement Glycans of various types are relevant in many vector-parasite systems and it was previously shown that proteoglycans play roles in malaria transmission, whereas some fungal lectins are toxic towards mosquito larvae. The presence of sulphated and glucuronylated N- and O-glycans in mosquito larvae show that there are anionic glycans other than glycosaminoglycans; these could be ligands in interactions between pathogens (protozoan parasites and viruses) and the tissues of adult mosquitoes.

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“…Most infections are asymptomatic, though a subset can lead to jaundice, vomiting, and hemorrhagic manifestations. Yellow fever is also associated with encephalitis and myelitis [16]. Approximately 200,000 cases of YF occur annually, leading to 60,000 deaths worldwide [7,17].…”

Section: Yellow Fever Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinations for Neuroinfectious Disease: A Global Health Priority

Leibovitch

Jacobson

2016

Neurotherapeutics

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Vaccines for neuroinfectious diseases are becoming an ever-increasing global health priority, as neurologic manifestations and sequelae from existing and emerging central nervous system infections account for significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. The prevention of neurotropic infections can be achieved through globally coordinated vaccination campaigns, which have successfully eradicated nonzoonotic agents such as the variola viruses and, hopefully soon, poliovirus. This review discusses vaccines that are currently available or under development for zoonotic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including Japanese and tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile, dengue, Zika, encephalitic equine viruses, and chikungunya. Also discussed are nonzoonotic agents, including measles and human herpesviruses, as well as select bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens. While therapeutic vaccines will be required to treat a multitude of ongoing infections of the nervous system, the ideal vaccination strategy is preexposure vaccination, with the ultimate goals of minimizing disease associated with zoonotic viruses and the total eradication of nonzoonotic agents.

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Yellow Fever Encephalitis: An Emerging and Resurging Global Public Health Threat in a Changing Environment

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

Insect repellent plants traditional usage practices in the Ethiopian malaria epidemic-prone setting: an ethnobotanical survey

Insect repellent plants traditional usage practices in the Ethiopian malaria epidemic-prone setting: an ethnobotanical survey

Targeted release and fractionation reveal glucuronylated and sulphated N- and O-glycans in larvae of dipteran insects

Vaccinations for Neuroinfectious Disease: A Global Health Priority

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