Zinc: From Biological Functions to Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

The trace element zinc (Zn) displays a wide range of biological functions. Zn ions control intercellular communication and intracellular events that maintain normal physiological processes. These effects are achieved through the modulation of several Zn-dependent proteins, including transcription factors and enzymes of key cell signaling pathways, namely those involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defenses. Efficient homeostatic systems carefully regulate intracellular Zn concentrations. However, perturbed Zn homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, depression, Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and other age-related diseases. This review focuses on Zn’s roles in cell proliferation, survival/death, and DNA repair mechanisms, outlines some biological Zn targets, and addresses the therapeutic potential of Zn supplementation in some human diseases.

Dual elemental doping activated signaling pathway of angiogenesis and defective heterojunction engineering for effective therapy of MRSA-infected wounds

“…During the process of wound healing, the release of Zn and P stimulates the formation of epithelial cells, which has biological functions [ 56 , 57 ]. Fig.…”

Safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

“…Kim et al also found that pycnogenol can repair hydroxyl radical-induced DNA breaks, reducing cell death and brain dysfunction [ 96 ]. Zinc can reduce the activation of NF-κB and its target gene, and increase the gene expression of A20 and PPAR-α [ 97 ], delay the oxidation process and maintain the working memory ability [ 98 ]. In addition, activated vitamin D can promote the expression of Klotho gene [ 99 ], regulate the formation of related cellular signaling systems by antioxidants [ 100 ], block the uptake of active oxygen by brain neurons, and reduce neurotoxic reactions [ 101 ].…”

Complexed amino acid minerals vs. bis-glycinate chelated minerals: Impact on the performance of old laying hens

“…Growth factors control cellular intestinal villus proliferation, differentiation, and migration through enzymes such as epidermal growth factor ( Fukada et al., 2011 ; Miguel et al., 2016 ) and insulin-like growth factor ( Freake et al., 2001 ; Sun et al., 2015 ). Zinc acts in this process as a cofactor in DNA replication and cell division enzymes, as well as DNA and RNA polymerases ( Costa et al., 2023 ). Additionally, Zn influences the maintenance of tight junction integrity, intestinal permeability, and the absorptive surface area ( Wan and Zhang, 2022 ).…”