Zinc Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Relation to the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Zinc deficiency often occurs in patients with diabetes. Therefore, the relationship between zinc status and progression of nephropathy in diabetes has been explored. Materials and Methods:Total 300 diabetic patients and 100 non-diabetic healthy subjects (age matched) were selected followed by informed consent and divided into five groups as I: non-diabetic normotensive control; II: diabetic normotensive; III: diabetic hypertensive; IV: diabetic normotensive with microalbuminuria; V: diabetic hypertensive with microalbuminuria. The blood samples of all subjects were collected and analyzed for serum zinc, serum creatinine, and estimated-glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR). Urine zinc, creatinine and microalbuminuria concentrations were determined.

Metabolic relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease affected by Cyclo(His-Pro) plus zinc treatment

“…Brain tissues require a high level of glucose energy intake (about 20%) in humans and mammals and brain energy deficiency might be a contributing factor of abnormal brain function in AD [112]. However, the most plausible common factor between AD and T2D is deficiency of IDE activity due to zinc deficiency [31], [33]. Zinc is an integral part of IDE, which is a zinc protease, involved in both IDE gene expression and required for IDE activity.…”

“…IDE is a zinc protease and the most well known enzyme that degrades both insulin and extracellular and intracellular Aβ [30]. Zinc deficiency which has been noted in both AD and T2D patients [31], [32], [33], which causes IDE deficiency since zinc is an absolute requirement for IDE synthesis. Since IDE deficiency contributes to the induction of some forms of AD [34], [35], increasing degradation of extracellular Aβ by IDE or similar enzymes would be beneficial for the possible prevention and/or treatment of AD [36].…”

“…Many publications indicated that plasma zinc levels in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) significantly decreased compared to controls [66], [67], [68] and in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) [33]. Since IDE is a zinc requiring enzyme, treatment with zinc supplementation would be warranted.…”

Preventing Diabetes and Diabetic Cardiovascular Diseases with Dietary Zinc

“…Patients with low serum zinc concentration had a higher risk for death from CHD than patients with high serum zinc level (Figure 1). More recent studies diabetic patients from Iraq, China and Japan also confirmed that lower serum zinc level in T2D patients was related to higher prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications, and represented as an independent risk factor for diabetic nephropathy [11][12][13]. Patients with lower zinc level were more likely to have a longer duration of diabetes, poorer glucose control and worse β cell function [12].…”

“…Patients with lower zinc level were more likely to have a longer duration of diabetes, poorer glucose control and worse β cell function [12]. Advancing diabetic nephropathy represented by decreasing GFR and increasing microalbuminuria is associated with lower serum zinc levels [11]. Low serum zinc to copper ratio was positively associated with renal dysfunction in all subjects and poor glycemic control in patients with T2D [13].…”