ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks

Abstract

A new protocol for biodiesel production is proposed, based on a binary ZnO/TBAI (TBAI = tetrabutylammonium iodide) catalytic system. Zinc oxide acts as a heterogeneous, bifunctional Lewis acid/base catalyst, while TBAI plays the role of phase transfer agent. Being composed by the bulk form powders, the whole catalyst system proved to be easy to use, without requiring nano-structuration or tedious and costly preparation or pre-activation procedures. In addition, due to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, the catalyst can simultaneously promote transesterification and esterification processes, thus becoming applicable to common vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, jatropha, linseed, etc.) and animal fats (lard and fish oil), but also to waste lipids such as cooking oils (WCOs), highly acidic lipids from oil industry processing, and lipid fractions of municipal sewage sludge. Reusability of the catalyst system together with kinetic (Ea) and thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔG‡ and ΔH‡) are also studied for transesterification reaction.

Emerging catalysis in biomass valorisation: simple Zn(II) catalysts for fatty acids esterification and transesterification

“…In order to improve the activity of bulk zinc oxide without changing its morphology, Casiello et al [71] . proposed the use of a phase‐transfer agent, i. e .…”

“…In order to improve the activity of bulk zinc oxide without changing its morphology, Casiello et al [71] proposed the use of a phase-transfer agent, i. e. tetra-1-butylammonium iodide (TBAI) and other ionic compounds including ionic liquids. Employing TBAI they were able to obtain good yields in mild conditions starting from a variety of waste and residue oils (entries 25.3-32.3).…”

Simultaneous Oil Sono-Extraction And Sono-Transesterification (In Situ) Of Soybean And Sunflower Seeds For The Production Of Biodiesel

“…Finally, there are other alternatives that can be used in the production of FAME that do not necessarily have to be vegetables. Within this group are animal fats among which stand out; beef tallow, lard, chicken's skin waste and sh oil [9][10][11][12]. It is also possible to obtain FAME from used cooking oils which makes it possible to revalue a residue [13,14].…”

Centrais Hidrocinéticas Como Meio Para a Reestruturação Democrática Do Setor Elétrico

“…Sulaiman et al, 2019), ZnO(Casiello et al, 2019), zeólita (Prinsen et al, 2018, NaY, etc., na obtenção de biodiesel pela reação de transesterificação. Dentre eles a alumina tem chamado bastante atenção devido as suas propriedades excelentes propriedades térmicas, químicas e físicas, tais como: atividade, seletividade, estabilidade, resistência mecânica e condutividade térmica(Taufiq-Yap et al, 2011; Yusuff e Popoola, 2019).…”