Zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses

Go, Yun Young; Balasuriya, Udeni B. R.; Lee, Chong-kyo

doi:10.7774/cevr.2014.3.1.58

Cited by 181 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…Encephalitic alphaviruses naturally cycle between mosquitoes and birds (EEEV and WEEV), mosquitoes and rodents (VEEV enzootic cycle), or mosquitoes and horses (VEEV epizootic cycle) [4]. VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV are all widely distributed in North, Central, and South America.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Encephalitic Arbovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalitic Arboviruses: Emergence, Clinical Presentation, and Neuropathogenesis

2016

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Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that exhibit worldwide distribution, contributing to systemic and neurologic infections in a variety of geographical locations. Arboviruses are transmitted to vertebral hosts during blood feedings by mosquitoes, ticks, biting flies, mites, and nits. While the majority of arboviral infections do not lead to neuroinvasive forms of disease, they are among the most severe infectious risks to the health of the human central nervous system. The neurologic diseases caused by arboviruses include meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis, neuritis, and myositis in which virus-and immune-mediated injury may lead to severe, persisting neurologic deficits or death. Here we will review the major families of emerging arboviruses that cause neurologic infections, their neuropathogenesis and host neuroimmunologic responses, and current strategies for treatment and prevention of neurologic infections they cause.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Encephalitic Arbovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalitic Arboviruses: Emergence, Clinical Presentation, and Neuropathogenesis

2016

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“…feeding arthropod vector intermediate [5]. Arthropod-borne viruses are predominantly RNAviruses that replicate in arthropods prior to transmission [6].…”

Section: Vaccines Available Against Zoonotic Flavivirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinations for Neuroinfectious Disease: A Global Health Priority

Leibovitch

Jacobson

2016

Neurotherapeutics

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Vaccines for neuroinfectious diseases are becoming an ever-increasing global health priority, as neurologic manifestations and sequelae from existing and emerging central nervous system infections account for significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. The prevention of neurotropic infections can be achieved through globally coordinated vaccination campaigns, which have successfully eradicated nonzoonotic agents such as the variola viruses and, hopefully soon, poliovirus. This review discusses vaccines that are currently available or under development for zoonotic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including Japanese and tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile, dengue, Zika, encephalitic equine viruses, and chikungunya. Also discussed are nonzoonotic agents, including measles and human herpesviruses, as well as select bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens. While therapeutic vaccines will be required to treat a multitude of ongoing infections of the nervous system, the ideal vaccination strategy is preexposure vaccination, with the ultimate goals of minimizing disease associated with zoonotic viruses and the total eradication of nonzoonotic agents.

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“…Human flavivirus infection can lead to diseases ranging from mild fever to encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers (1) (2) . Therefore, for many flavivirus diseases, early diagnosis is essential for patient management and adoption of preventive measures (2) (6) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most flaviviruses are maintained in nature via complex cycles that include arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Currently, 57 Flavivirus species have been described worldwide; humans serve as the end hosts for most flaviviruses (2) . Many of these viruses pose significant public health problems, including dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) (3) (4) (5) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation and optimization of SYBR Green real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as a tool for diagnosis of the Flavivirus genus in Brazil

Romeiro

Souza

Tolardo

et al. 2016

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction:The genus Flavivirus includes several pathogenic species that cause severe illness in humans. Therefore, a rapid and accurate molecular method for diagnosis and surveillance of these viruses would be of great importance. Here, we evaluate and optimize a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the diagnosis of the Flavivirus genus. Methods: We evaluated different commercial kits that use the SYBR Green system for real-time RT-PCR with a primer set that amplifies a fragment of the NS5 flavivirus gene. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were tested using twelve flaviviruses and ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcribed from the yellow fever virus. Additionally, this assay was evaluated using the sera of 410 patients from different regions of Brazil with acute febrile illness and a negative diagnosis for the dengue virus. Results: The real-time RT-PCR amplified all flaviviruses tested at a melting temperature of 79.92 to 83.49°C. A detection limit of 100 copies per ml was determined for this assay. Surprisingly, we detected dengue virus in 4.1% (17/410) of samples from patients with febrile illness and a supposedly negative dengue infection diagnosis. The viral load in patients ranged from 2.1×10 7 to 3.4×10 3 copies per ml. Conclusions: The real-time RT-PCR method may be very useful for preliminary diagnoses in screenings, outbreaks, and other surveillance studies. Moreover, this assay can be easily applied to monitor viral activity and to measure viral load in pathogenesis studies.

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Zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses

Cited by 181 publications

References 153 publications

Encephalitic Arboviruses: Emergence, Clinical Presentation, and Neuropathogenesis

Encephalitic Arboviruses: Emergence, Clinical Presentation, and Neuropathogenesis

Vaccinations for Neuroinfectious Disease: A Global Health Priority

Evaluation and optimization of SYBR Green real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as a tool for diagnosis of the Flavivirus genus in Brazil

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