Zwitterionic Electrochemiluminescence Biointerface Contributes to Label‐Free Monitoring of Exosomes Dynamics in a Fluidic Microreaction Device

Abstract

The competence to construct sensing platforms capable of selective manipulation in complex biological fluids undoubtedly underpins critical future advances in healthcare. Despite the fact that electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has long been an influential technology for clinical diagnosis worldwide, ECL interface that optimizes fouling resistance has been mimicked less often, especially in an integrated platform. Herein, ECL transducer is prepared by the integration of protonated g‐C3N4 and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets, displaying enhanced charge injection/transfer, and inherent catalytic capacities for coreactant ECL. Mussel‐bioinspired polydopamine was exploited as a thin, surface‐adherent substrate to coat the solid‐state transducer and further initiate secondary reactions via Michael Addition for tailing recognition element and zwitterionic segment. This architecture guarantees not only the least suppression of ECL performance but also desired antifouling properties, ensuring < 7.45% of ECL loss after 96 h of exposure to complex biological fluids. Creatively, a highly integrated platform is equipped with the established biointerface, gas diffusion electrode, and fluidic ECL microreactor, affording high‐performance exosome checking and dynamics tracking in a non‐label manner. Our study provides a general design strategy to obtain a robust antifouling ECL sensing interface based on zwitterionic chemistries and provides a fresh perspective in developing point‐of‐care and implantable ECL devices.

Automatic Electrochemiluminescence Method for the Detection of Cancerous Exosomes Incorporating Specific Aptamer-Magnetic Beads and Signal Nanoprobes

“…Electrode-modified ECL biosensing tactics have been applied for the detection of cancer-derived exosomes. − Inspired by our previous works, MB-based biosensing method has intrinsic merits over the electrode-modified method, such as analyte separation and enrichment, as well as being effortless to commercialize . In this work, the dynabeadsM-270 carboxylic acid magnetic beads (φ = 2.8 μm) tagged with a specific EpCAM aptamer (Table S1) were used as the preferred MBs-EpCAM-aptamer capture probe.…”

“…10−14 For example, in 2023, Zhu's group reported an ECL method for exosome detection with a limit of detection (LOD) of 162 particle/mL by using mussel-bioinspired polydopamine coating g-C 3 N 4 and Ti 3 C 2 Tx MXene nanosheets on the carbon electrode. 10 In 2023, Cui's group reported an ECL method for exosome detection with a LOD of 9.08 × modified gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-coated fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode. 11 In 2022, Kong's group reported a localized surface plasmon resonance ECL immunosensor for the determination of pancreatic cancer exosomes with a LOD of 400 particle/mL based on the anti-CD63 antibody-modified AuNP-decorated glassy carbon electrode (GCE).…”

Recent Development of Implantable Chemical Sensors Utilizing Flexible and Biodegradable Materials for Biomedical Applications

“…Nonetheless, ECL sensors are less frequently employed for long-term monitoring due to the substantial deterioration of assay sensitivity and specificity during the contamination process, which is induced by the nonspecific binding of interfering substances. 120 To address this issue, Cao et al 121 have proposed a robust antifouling ECL sensing interface to detect exosomes in real-time by combining bioreceptors with zwitteronic chemistries on a biocompatible ECL transducer composed of protonated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) and titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) MXene nanosheets. This work offers a practical strategy for designing implantable ECL biosensors in biological fluids.…”

Advances in nanocomposites-based electrochemical biosensors for the early diagnosis of breast cancer

“…Thus, the labeled ECL-based sensors are representing a combination of visual luminescence detection caused from electrochemical reactions. This kind of hybrid optical-electrochemical system can afford high sensitivity in many clinical applications (Cao et al, 2022;Cao et al, 2023;Yuan et al, 2023).…”