“…The molecular structure endows β-carotene relatively strong provitamin A and antioxidant activities ( Watkins and Pogson, 2020 ; Burton et al., 2021 ). Given these excellent properties, β-carotene has been widely applied in many industries, such as medicine ( Novikov et al., 2022 ), nourishments ( Burton et al., 2021 ; Hambly et al., 2021 ), food additives ( Barbosa et al., 2021 ), cosmetics ( Borja-Martínez et al., 2020 ), and feed additives ( Mudronova et al., 2018 ). Moreover, β-carotene has also been used to prevent cancer, tumors ( Lee et al., 2022 ), and cardiovascular disease in medical and health-care proposals ( Yang et al., 2022 ).…”