β-D-xylosides cause abnormalities of growth and development in chick embryos

Gibson, Kenneth D.; Doller, Herbert J.; Hoar, Richard M.

doi:10.1038/273151a0

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…␤-D-xylosides have been widely employed in the study of the roles played by sulfated PGs (particularly CS) at different embryonic development stages in the rat (MorrissKay and Crutch, 1982), chicken (Gibson et al, 1978(Gibson et al, ,1979Kanke et al, 1982;Segen and Gibson, 1982), sea urchin (Kinoshita and Saiga, 1979), and frog (Yost, 1990). ␤-Dxylosides specifically alter the synthesis of those sulfated PGs whose glycosilation begins with the sequence xylosylgalactosyl-galactosyl, including chondroitin sulfate and its epimeres dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin (Schwartz et al, 1974;Robinson et al, 1975;Roden, 1980).…”

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confidence: 99%

Disruption of proteoglycans in neural tube fluid by β-D-xyloside alters brain enlargement in chick embryos

et al. 1998

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Following neurulation, the anterior end of the neural tube undergoes a dramatic increase in size due mainly to the enlarging of the brain cavity. This cavity is filled with so-called neural tube fluid (NTF), whose positive pressure has been shown to play a key role in brain morphogenesis. This fluid contains a water-soluble matrix, rich in chondroitin sulfate (CS), which has been proposed as an osmotic regulator of NTF pressure genesis. The purpose of the present study is to observe the influence of CS on NTF osmolality and its relation to NTF hydrostatic pressure and brain expansion. NTF was obtained by means of microaspiration from the mesencephalic cavity of chick embryos. The osmolality of NTF between H.H. stages 20 and 29 was measured on the basis of its cryoscopic point. CS synthesis was disrupted by using beta-D-xyloside and the induced variations in brain volume were measured by means of morphometry. We also measured the variations in NTF osmolality, hydrostatic pressure, and the concentration of CS and sodium induced by means of beta-D-xyloside. Our data reveal that, at the earliest stages of development analyzed, variations in NTF osmolality show a characteristic pattern that coincides with the developmental changes in the previously described fluid pressure. Chick embryos treated with beta-D-xyloside, a chemical that disrupts CS synthesis, displayed a notable increase in brain volume but no other apparent developmental alterations. Morphometric analysis revealed that this increase was due to hyperenlargement of the brain cavity. Beta-D-xyloside brings about specific changes in the biochemical composition of NTF, which entails a large increase in CS concentration, mainly in the form of free chains, and in that of sodium. As a result, the fluid's osmolality and brain intraluminal pressure increased, which could account for the increase in size of the brain anlage. These data support the hypothesis that the intraluminal pressure involved in embryonic brain enlargement is directly dependent on NTF osmolality, and that the concentrations of CS and its associated microions could play a key role in the regulation of this process.

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Disruption of proteoglycans in neural tube fluid by β-D-xyloside alters brain enlargement in chick embryos

et al. 1998

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“…Various types of collagen bind to GAGs both in their native proteoglycan state and in the form of polysaccharide chains (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). For this reason, the coordinated biosynthesis of collagen and proteoglycan has been investigated (19)(20)(21); both of these kinds of macromolecules appear to be produced in the same cytoplasmic region (22), and exogenous proteoglycan has been found to depress both proteoglycan and collagen synthesis by chondrocytes (23).…”

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Influence of collagen substrata on glycosaminoglycan production by B16 melanoma cells.

Luikart

Maniglia

Sartorelli

1983

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A cloned metastatic murine melanoma cell line exhibited similar growth characteristics when propagated on either type I collagen, type IV collagen, or plastic. However, cells grown on both types of collagen exhibited an altered cellular morphology and on type IV collagen only, an increased substrate adhesiveness, relative to those maintained on a plastic substratum. Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine and [5S]sulfate into glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of cells grown on collagen substrates was 20% and 40% less, respectively, than cells grown on plastic, whereas degradation of cell-associated [35S]sulfate-labeled GAGs was similar in cells grown on collagen or plastic. Although the composition of GAGs was similar in all cultures, consisting of approximately 60% chondroitin and 40% heparin or heparan sulfate, the degree of sulfation of the heparin or heparan sulfate molecules was markedly decreased in cultures grown on collagen. The results indicate that the composition of the extracellular matrix influences the biological behavior of B16 melanoma cells, in part by altering the amount and nature of the GAG molecules produced.Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long-chain polyanionic carbohydrates that include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4-and 6-sulfates, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate (1). These macromolecules are found in most mammalian cells (2) and are believed to play an important role in migration (3-6), maintenance of morphogenetic structure (7), and cellular differentiation (8, 9). Despite intensive study, little is known about the factors that regulate the biosynthesis of these polysaccharides. However, previous studies have suggested that the extracellular environment can influence the rate of synthesis and secretion of these macromolecules (10, 11).Collagen is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix. Type I collagen is found predominently in bone, dermis, and tendon, whereas type IV collagen is found in basement membranes (12). Various types of collagen bind to GAGs both in their native proteoglycan state and in the form of polysaccharide chains (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). For this reason, the coordinated biosynthesis of collagen and proteoglycan has been investigated (19-21); both of these kinds of macromolecules appear to be produced in the same cytoplasmic region (22) A collagen-mediated reduction in the rate of cell-associated GAG degradation rather than an actual change in the rate of synthesis of these macromolecules has been postulated (26, 27). However, mammary epithelial cells that have spontaneously transformed to a malignant phenotype are less effective than normal cells in decreasing proteoglycan degradation in response to collagen (29). Other malignant lines have been reported to show alterations in both the synthesis of cell surface proteins and their interaction with matrix proteins (30, 31). Because malignant melanoma cells are exposed to type I collagen during local invasion into the dermis and are in contact with type IV collagen during metastatic sprea...

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“…Detailed information about the nature of the proteoglycans synthesized by many cell types is available (Kuettner & Kimura, 1985) and inferences about the possible biological role of these molecules have been drawn from alterations which occur during disease (Iozzo, 1985). The perturbation of normal synthesis of intact proteoglycans by the addition of fi-D-xylosides to in vivo and in vitro systems is also associated with altered biological functions and supports the hypothesis that these molecules are important in normal cell physiology (Gibson et al, 1978;Spooncer et al, 1983).…”

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confidence: 53%

Proteoglycans of human T lymphocytes: differences between helper and suppressor subsets

Steward

Lyon

Christmas

et al. 1987

Biochemical Society Transactions

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β-D-xylosides cause abnormalities of growth and development in chick embryos

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

Disruption of proteoglycans in neural tube fluid by β-D-xyloside alters brain enlargement in chick embryos

Disruption of proteoglycans in neural tube fluid by β-D-xyloside alters brain enlargement in chick embryos

Influence of collagen substrata on glycosaminoglycan production by B16 melanoma cells.

Proteoglycans of human T lymphocytes: differences between helper and suppressor subsets

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