β-Glucan-Based Wet Dressing for Cutaneous Wound Healing

Abstract

Recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bglucans, a naturally occurring heterogeneous group of polysaccharides, were investigated for their ability to accelerate wound healing in the form of high water-retaining hydrogel dressing. Approach: Full-thickness wounds on the dorsal side of mice created using a 5mm biopsy punch were treated with b-glucan-based hydrogel for 2 weeks. Standardized photographs of the wound site were taken at regular time intervals to calculate the percentage of wound closure. Tissues isolated from the wound area were subjected to histological examination and immunoblot analysis. Results: b-Glucan-based hydrogel significantly accelerated the duration of wound healing and enhanced the development of skin appendages in the regenerated skin tissue. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-b3 in the skin tissue isolated from the healed wound site indicated that skin regeneration rather than skin repair occurred, thereby minimizing cutaneous scarring. The expression level of cytokeratin 10 and cytokeratin 14 in the isolated skin tissue revealed that the wounds treated with hydrogel showed proper differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermal layer. Innovation: Immunomodulating b-glucan (responsible for fighting infections at the wound site, and enhancing the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts) in the form of a three-dimensional hydrogel membrane that retains a high water content (responsible for cooling and soothing effect around the wound site, thereby reducing pain) was prepared and analyzed for its effects on the cutaneous wound healing mechanism. Conclusion: b-Glucan-based hydrogels are promising as wet wound dressings in the health care industry.

Hydrogel-Based Active Substance Release Systems for Cosmetology and Dermatology Application: A Review

“…Among these properties, the most important are high molecular and oxygen permeability, low interfacial tension, good mechanical properties, and moisturizing abilities [124]. Due to the fact that polysaccharides have the ability to create biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional structures, they are considered by numerous groups of scientists as promising materials used to heal various types of wounds [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144]. Muthuramalingam et al examined the possibility of using a hydrogel prepared using immunomodulatory β-glucan.…”

“…The authors noted that the fact that β-glucan hydrogels increase wound healing may be associated with indirect macrophage activation or direct effects on keratinocytes and fibroblasts by inducing their proliferation and migration through specific receptors such as Dectin-1, CR3, or TLR. In addition, these authors pointed out the possibility of increasing wound healing and tissue regeneration by using these hydrogels as carriers for flavonoid compounds [126,145]. Research conducted by Sun et al focused on the potential use of modified dextran hydrogels in the treatment of burn wounds by stimulating neovascularization and tissue infiltration in vivo, which largely determine the results of wound healing in deep burns.…”

“…-mice -wound healing acceleration -development of skin appendages in regenerated skin tissue -formation of capillary vessel -better granulation and reepithelialization -hierarchical arrangement of dermal layers -increase in expression level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3,cytokeratin 10 (K10), and cytokeratin 14 (K14) in the skin tissue -no detectable changes in cell morphology -migration and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts enhancement -skin regeneration -significantly faster wound closure -skin regeneration around the wound site -increase intranslational levels of K10, K14, and TGF-β3 proteins [126] dextran hydrogel -evaluation of progress in wound healing -assessment of cell infiltration -assessment of macrophages and neutrophils accumulation -examination of aniogenic response -assessment of neovascularization -immunohistochemical analysis (Masson's trichrome and alpha-smooth muscle actin staining) -assessment of blood flow surrounding the wound (laser Doppler) -analysis of the regenerated skin structure in vivo: -mice -murine burn wound model -promotion of remarkable neovascularization -promotion of dermal regeneration with complete skin appendages -facilitating early infiltration and degradation of inflammatory cells -promotion of the infiltration of angiogenic cells into healing wounds -mature epithelial structure with hair follicles and sebaceous glands development -acceleration of the recruitment of endothelial and cell progenitors into the wound area [127] self-crosslink able dextran-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate-ethylamine hydrogel (DexIEME -evaluation of new skin regeneration in murine and porcine models -assessment of newly regenerated hair follicles -polarization of pro-inflammatory (M1)/anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages -assessment of regenerative capacity in burn scars on mice -histological examination (hematoxylin and eosin staining) -assessment of regenerative capacity in deep full skin injury in pigs in vitro: -human monocytic leukemia (THP-1)cell line in vivo: -murine and porcine models -low pro-inflammatory response in murine and porcine models -regeneration of full skin structures with appendages on both pre-existing scars and acute wounds -promotion of complete skin regeneration with hair regrowth on preexisting scars -promotion of M2 macrophage phenotype -more mature wound -retention of the reticulated epithelial layer by new skin -more adipose tissue within the newly regenerated skin in both animal models -attenuation of scar formation -evaluation of capacity to control curcumin release -histological study (hematoxylin and eosin staining) -collagen staining using Masson's trichrome method -evaluation of neovascularization -assessment of expression of CD31 and vimentin in wound tissue in vivo: -male BALB/C mice -murine full thickness wound model -sustained release of curcumin from dextran hydrogel -significantly augment the reepithelialization of epidermis; increase in collagen deposition in the wound area -increase in fibroblast/mesenchymal cell density -acceleration of angiogenesis and fibroblast accumulation -increase tissue granulation -more mature epithelial structure with hair follicles and sebaceous glands -acceleration of the wound healing process [129] PVA/dextran/chitosan -assessment of cell proliferation -determination of cytotoxicity (WST-1 assay)…”

Isolation and Purification of Glucans from an Italian Cultivar of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. and In Vitro Effect on Skin Repair

“…This latter capability is due to several bioactive compounds present in the fruit [8,9]. In recent years, glucans of oats and barley, in particular those ones with a β conformation, have just been studied in wound healing, showing multifunctional activities [8,10,11]. Glucans are present in various plant-origin foods and therefore can potentially be extracted from a variety of food matrices [12].…”

From Supramolecular Hydrogels to Multifunctional Carriers for Biologically Active Substances

“…The most investigated entrapment of drugs and other therapeutics are polymeric hydrogels based on covalent linkages. Numerous such hydrogels containing drug complexes have successfully been developed for skin diseases [ 69 , 70 ], wound healing [ 71 , 72 ], and inflammatory alleviation [ 73 ], among many others.…”