Symbiotic rhizobia enter roots of their hosts via infection threads in root-hairs and invade the cortex, where nodules are initiated. We have transferred a cloned cellulase (Cel) gene from Erwinia carotovora subsp, carotouora into rhizobia and examined both the production of the enzyme and its impact on nodulation. Acquisition of a Cel + plasmid allowed cultured cells of Rhizobium fredii, R. meliloti, and R. tropici to produce extracellular enzymes that degrade carboxymethylcellulose. The Cel + plasmid was retained by R. fredii during nodulation of cowpea, and analysis of a gene fusion confirmed that the Cel promoter was active in planta. Cellulase levels in nodules nevertheless were low, and infection and nodulation were unaffected by the presence of the Cel + plasmid.