γδ T-cell function is inhibited in end-stage renal disease and impacted by latent tuberculosis infection

γδ T‐cell responses during HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy

“…Similar to CKD patients, obese adults exhibit increased susceptibility to infection associated with chronic inflammation. 125 Similar observations have been made in the context of chronic HCV/HBV infection and liver cirrhosis, where overgrowth of pathogenic gut bacteria increases gut permeability and allows translocation of bacterial products into the liver via the portal vein. As expected, cytokine supplementation overcomes some of the Vd2 function defect, with IL-2 boosting in vitro Vd2 function among obese subjects.…”

“…143,144 Indeed, we found that plasma sCD14 levels in ESRD patients correlate with HMBPP-induced IFNg production by cd T cells, suggesting a possible link between microbial translocation and Vd2 T-cell function. 125 Similar observations have been made in the context of chronic HCV/HBV infection and liver cirrhosis, where overgrowth of pathogenic gut bacteria increases gut permeability and allows translocation of bacterial products into the liver via the portal vein. 139,145,146 Finally, obese individuals also exhibit elevated levels of LPS and other markers of microbial translocation, supporting a putative link between gut permeability, low-grade inflammation, and cd Tcell depletion and dysfunction.…”

“…Similarly, we observed a significant loss of phosphoantigen-reactive cd T cells in ESRD patients compared with healthy controls. 125 Surprisingly, however, there was no relationship between plasma proinflammatory cytokine levels and cd frequency or dysfunction, 125 raising the question of what drives cd T-cell loss during ESRD. Similar to HIV infection, it is unclear whether low peripheral cd frequencies truly reflect apoptosis or, instead, recruitment to inflamed tissues.…”

Early HIV infection is associated with reduced proportions of gamma delta T subsets as well as high creatinine and urea levels

“…Data from this study showed that high HIV‐1 RNA viral load as well as urea levels may impact negatively on the IL‐17/neutrophil/ γδ T cells axis thereby limiting their activation during the early stages of infection. Other infections with similar effect on IL‐17/neutrophil/ γδ T cell axis have been previously described …”

“…Lower proportions of γδ T cells have been associated with kidney disorders namely diabetic kidney diseases, renal carcinoma and end‐stage renal diseases . Studies have also shown lower numbers and frequencies of γδ T cells in tuberculosis and Hepatitis B infected patients with renal impairments . However, there is dearth of information on the impact of HIV‐associated nephropathies on γδ and DN T cells proportions and subsets during early HIV infection.…”