A six-year-old patient with non-germinomatous germ cell tumor of the chiasmatic-sellar area developed polyuria and polydipsia as the first symptoms of the disease. Then there were signs of precocious puberty and vision impairment. MRI examination revealed a shiasmatic sellar tumor and occlusive hydrocephalus. Tumor marker levels in blood serum were elevated. The alpha-fetoprotein level was increased 5-fold; human chorionic gonadotropin 20-fold. These levels increased over time. The patient received 2 cycles of PEI multiagent chemotherapy (Ifosfamide 1.5 g/m(2), Cisplatin 20 mg/m(2), Etoposide 100 mg/m(2)) during 5 days and 1 cycle of second-line multiagent chemotherapy (Cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) for 1 day and Endoxan 1500 mg/m(2) for 2 days). Despite the decrease in tumor marker levels to normal values, the patient's vision still deteriorated. MRI examination revealed that tumor size increased and its structure changed. Total tumor resection led to vision improvement and regression of intracranial hypertension. Histological analysis of tumor tissue only revealed a mature teratoma. This phenomenon, known as growing teratoma syndrome, is very rare among patients with intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors.
Цель исследования -анализ результатов магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) у пациентов с симптоматической эпилепсией, ассоциированной с опухолью. Материал и методы. Были проанализированы данные МРТ 52 пациентов с симптоматической эпилепсией, проходивших лечение по поводу опухолей супратенториальной локализации. Были выявлены наиболее эпилептогенные опухоли. Особое внимание было уделено опухолям со стертой клинической картиной и не имевшим типичных МРТ-признаков. Все пациенты с опухолями были прооперированы с применением различных методик хирургического вмешательства. Результаты. Наиболее эпилептогенными опухолями оказались дизэмбриопластические нейроэпителиальные опухоли (ДНЭО), диффузные астроцитомы (ДА) и ганглиоглиомы (ГГ). Во всех случаях ДНЭО и у 4 пациентов с ГГ эпилептические приступы являлись дебютным, а в 4 из 5 случаев ДНЭО -единственным клиническим признаком наличия опухоли. При МРТ в случаях ДНЭО, ДА и ГГ выявлялись изо/ гипоинтенсивный сигнал на Т1-ВИ и варьирующий по интенсивности от умеренного до гиперинтенсивного сигнала на Т2-и FLAIR-ВИ, при этом в случаях с ДНЭО и ГГ практически отсутствовали масс-эффект и перифокальный отек, а на FLAIR-ВИ наиболее четко прослеживалась так называемая пеноподобная (мультикистозная) структура. Не отмечено существенного изменения размеров ДНЭО и ГГ. В 1 случае отмечено сочетание ДНЭО с корковой дисплазией. При ДА трудно отличить перифокальный отек от туморозной ткани и неизмененных тканей головного мозга, и, как правило, рост опухоли замедлен. Заключение. Эпилептогенные опухоли могут копировать рентгенологические характеристики друг друга, а также мимикрировать ганглиоглиомы, олигодендроглиомы и астроцитомы Gr I, II и др. Они являются наиболее частыми причинами возникновения симптоматической фокальной эпилепсии. Эти образования необходимо в первую очередь исключать в случаях фармакорезистентной эпилепсии. Ключевые слова: опухоли головного мозга у детей, симптоматическая фокальная эпилепсия, эпилептическая хирургия, нейровизуализация.Objective -to analyze MR-images in patients with symptomatic epilepsy associated with the brain tumor. Material and methods. MRI results of 52 patients with symptomatic epilepsy operated for tumors of supratentorial localization were analyzed. The most epileptogenic tumors with atypical MRI signs and subtle clinical presentation were identified. All patients with tumors were operated using different methods of surgical intervention. Results. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNET), diffuse astrocytomas (DA) and gangliogliomas (GG) were the most frequent epileptogenic tumors. In all the cases of DNET and in 4 patients with GG, epileptic seizures were the first, and in 4 of 5 cases of DIO were the only clinical sign of tumor presence. In DNET, DA and GG, there was an iso-or hypointensive signal on T1 WI and a signal varying in intensity from moderate to hyperintense in T2 and FLAIR WI, while in cases with DNET and GG, no mass effect and perifocal edema was practically seen. The so-called «spume-like» (multicystic) structure was m...
Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex present with cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric impairments, such as intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and drug-resistant epilepsy. It has been shown that these disorders are associated with the presence of cortical tubers. Tuberous sclerosis complex results from inactivating mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, resulting in hyperactivation of the mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates cell growth, proliferation, survival, and autophagy. TSC1 and TSC2 are classified as tumor suppressor genes and function according to Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis, which requires both alleles to be damaged for tumor formation. However, a second-hit mutation is a rare event in cortical tubers. This suggests that the molecular mechanism of cortical tuber formation may be more complicated and requires further research. This review highlights the issues of molecular genetics and genotype–phenotype correlations, considers histopathological characteristics and the mechanism of morphogenesis of cortical tubers, and also presents data on the relationship between these formations and the development of neurological manifestations, as well as treatment options.
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