Musculoskeletal disorders in haemophiliacs represent the highest percentage of lesions, giving rise to haemophilic arthropathy (HA) which predominantly affects lower limbs, influencing postural control, standing and walking. Leading a sedentary lifestyle seems to influence strength and muscular resistance in haemophiliacs which, in turn, are related to articular stability and the prevention of articular degenerative processes. The objective of this work was to study alterations in balance to subsequently evaluate the appropriate therapeutics and how this influences the development of arthropathy. Twenty-five haemophiliacs with HA, 25 haemophiliacs without HA (NHA) and 25 healthy control subjects (CTL) took part in this study. Tests were performed on a force platform and the subjects remained as still as possible for 30 s under different conditions: (i) bilateral stance with eyes open; (ii) bilateral stance with eyes closed; (iii) right unilateral stance; and (iv) left unilateral stance. The results of these tests indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) between the groups HA, NHA and CTL. The HA group presented worse results for both unilateral and bilateral stance when compared with the other two cohorts. Surprisingly, the NHA group displayed a worse balance than the controls. A single calculated parameter (mean frequency) did not show significant differences. This apparently indicates the absence of pathology in the nervous system in relation to postural control. The results suggest that our patients should participate in physical exercise programmes, rehabilitation and physiotherapy to improve their postural control.

The stereoselective formation of 1,2‐cis‐glycosidic bonds is challenging. However, 1,2‐cis‐selectivity can be induced by remote participation of C4 or C6 ester groups. Reactions involving remote participation are believed to proceed via a key ionic intermediate, the glycosyl cation. Although mechanistic pathways were postulated many years ago, the structure of the reaction intermediates remained elusive owing to their short‐lived nature. Herein, we unravel the structure of glycosyl cations involved in remote participation reactions via cryogenic vibrational spectroscopy and first principles theory. Acetyl groups at C4 ensure α‐selective galactosylations by forming a covalent bond to the anomeric carbon in dioxolenium‐type ions. Unexpectedly, also benzyl ether protecting groups can engage in remote participation and promote the stereoselective formation of 1,2‐cis‐glycosidic bonds.

Excited-state reactions involved in the fluorescence of norharman have been investigated in different binary mixtures of acetic acid with dichloromethane, dioxane, and benzene. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements have revealed the existence of a new species which has not been observed from the steady-state spectra. The complex decay kinetics of norharman and the interactions with the surrounding environment are discussed in detail.