Studies have demonstrated that the presence of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water can cause some disease such as cancer and blu baby in the infant. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has since adopted the 10 mg/L standard as the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate-nitrogen and 1 mg/L for nitrite-nitrogen for regulated public water systems. Given the importance of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water as well as GIS ability in spatial analysis of various factors in the groundwater, this study aimed to evaluate concentration of nitrate and nitrite in the drinking water wells of Yazd using two IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) and Kriging models. In this descriptive study, the applied data on the water quality of underground water of Yazd Environmental Health Office and the average annual nitrate and nitrite in 2015 were related to 24 wells in the studied area. The nitrate and nitrite rate in groundwater in wells was compared to the standard amount of Institute of Standard and Industrial Researches and then was analyzed via Arc GIS software using IDW and Kriging interpolation methods. The mean concentration of nitrate was 17.62 ± 3.08 mg/l and for nitrite was 0.011 ± 0.003 mg/l in the wells. In the all studied zone, the nitrate and nitrite rate was in the standard range according to the National Standard of Iran (No.

Improper disposal of solid waste is one of the main causes of environmental pollution. Converting solid waste into compost and using it as an organic fertilizer in agriculture are an effective waste management method. Quality of such fertilizer may affect both human and environmental health. Therefore, in this study, compost from the compost plant of Sanandaj City was analyzed for its physical-chemical characteristics and the results were compared with the standards. In this descriptive-analytical study, compost samples were collected throughout a 3-month period in spring season at intervals of 15 days (2 samples in each sampling) for chemical analysis. In the present study, parameters such as pH, organic matter, EC, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury and chromium were studied. According to the results, the mean pH, EC, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium and potassium were 7.657, 8.883 ds/m, 37.793%, 26.46%, 2.50%, 0.424%, 0.685 and 0.67%, respectively. The average concentrations of heavy metals were 0.398, 95, 1.575, <0.5 and 40.275 mg/kg for arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury and chromium, respectively. Results from this study were compared with the standards set for compost. Organic matter content, sodium, arsenic, mercury and chromium were almost within the acceptable ranges. Lead and cadmium concentrations were lower than the standard. But, the values of pH and EC, the percentages of carbon and nitrogen, and also the amounts of phosphorus and potassium were in accordance with the standards. The results of this study show that the quality of the produced compost in the studied plant is almost acceptable.

Milk is very susceptible for growth and development of many microorganisms because it is rich in nutrients and has suitable condition. Thus, it is very vital to respect sanitary conditions at all stages of production and transport of raw milk. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the total bacterial, and acidity in raw milk from milk collection centers in Malayer and Nahavand cities. 52 milk samples were collected from 13 centers in summer 2012 and were analyzed according to standard methods. None of the raw milk samples under investigation, had superior or grade 1 quality. Only 7.7% of the samples were classified as raw milk with grade 2 quality and 92.3% were non-standard. The mean of microbial total count in base was 3.8 × 10 7 CFU/ml and average acidity in the samples was 0.163. The city of Tochqhaz and Aliabad-e-Damagh has the * Corresponding author.M. Rezaei et al. 2185 lowest and the highest microbial total count. In general the result of this study showed unsatisfactory conditions of milk in the milk collection centers of the Malayer and Nahavand cities.

In water, removing excessive amounts of phosphorus is necessary to prevent eutrophication. Phosphorus can be seen usually in the form of organic phosphate and inorganic phosphate in surface waters and wastewater. Phosphates are one of the main materials of many factories and industries and it is a major factor in the development and control of water resources eutrophication. The purpose of this study is the survey of potential use of red Pumice Stone of western Azerbaijan region and its Modified form by EDTA for remove phosphate from aqueous solutions. In this study, we used the red soil of western Azerbaijan region to remove phosphorus from simulated solutions. All experiments were performed in a batch system. The effect of various parameters such as reaction time, initial concentration of phosphorus, pH and dissolved amount of adsorbent on the removal efficiency of the process was studied. The results showed that the removal efficiency increased with increasing contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of phosphate ions. The highest efficiency occurred in 150 minutes of reaction time with 10 g/L adsorbent and 50 mg/ L dissolved phosphate concentration at the pH 5. In optimal conditions, using of raw sorbent removed about 65 percent of the phosphate ion and with the modified inorganic Pumice removed about 78 percent of phosphorus ions. In general, results showed that raw red soil was able to remove phosphate ions in the acceptable range due to high calcium levels in soil context. And its removing ability will increase significantly if modified by EDTA.

Introduction:  Several diseases, especially in infants such as some cancer and blue baby are related to the presence of nitrate in drinking water. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) specified the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of nitrate as 50 mg L-1 for regulated public water systems. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of nitrate and to assess its probabilistic risk exposure in drinking water wells of Abarkouh city, Iran. Materials and Methods:  The average annual nitrate level was studied from 18 wells around Abarkouh in 2017. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) was also investigated as health risk assessment and sensitivity analysis was carried out for effective variables. Results: Average concentration of nitrate was 27.57 ± 6.80 mg L-1 and all measured concentrations were below the permitted maximum standard (50 mg L-1) according to the National Standard of Iran. The HQ value for children and adults were more than 1 (1.81) and less than 1, respectively. In calculating HQ for children, the most important variable was the concentration of nitrate in drinking water. Conclusion: According to the results, children health is highly at risk in these areas and exposure to nitrate should be reduced for at-risk populations