The aim of this study is to evaluate infected leaf disease images. Precision agriculture's automatic leaf disease detection system employs image acquisition, image processing, image segmentation, feature extraction, and machine learning techniques. An automated disease detection system offers the farmer with a fast and accurate diagnosis of the plant disease. Automation of plant leaf disease detection system is essential for accelerating crop diagnosis. Using machine learning and image processing, this paper describes a framework for detecting leaf illness. An image of a leaf can be used as an input for this framework. To begin, leaf photographs are preprocessed in order to remove noise from their images. The mean filter is used to filter out background noise. Histogram equalization is used to enhance the quality of the image. The division of a single image into multiple portions or segments is referred to as segmentation in photography. It assists in establishing the boundaries of the image. Segmenting the image is accomplished using the K-Means approach. Feature extraction is carried by using the principal component analysis. Following that, images are categorized using techniques such as RBF-SVM, SVM, random forest, and ID3.

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Wireless networks include a set of nodes which are connected to one another via wireless links for communication purposes. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a type of wireless network, which utilizes sensor nodes to collect and communicate data. Node localization is a challenging problem in WSN which intends to determine the geographical coordinates of the sensors in WSN. It can be considered an optimization problem and can be addressed via metaheuristic algorithms. This study introduces an elite oppositional farmland fertility optimization-based node localization method for radio communication networks, called EOFFO-NLWN technique. It is the goal of the proposed EOFFO-NLWN technique to locate unknown nodes in the network by using anchor nodes as a starting point. As a result of merging the principles of elite oppositional-based learning (EOBL) and the agricultural fertility optimization algorithm (FFO), we have developed the EOFFO-NLWN approach, which is described in detail below. The EOBL concept makes it easier to populate the FFO algorithm’s population initialization, which results in an increase in the exploration rate. Various BNs and CRs were tested, and the findings revealed that the EOFFO-NLWN technique outperformed all other known techniques in all cases. A comprehensive experimental result analysis of the EOFFO-NLWN technique is performed under several measures, and the results described the sovereignty of the EOFFO-NLWN method associated to existing techniques.