biofilm is quite complicated because of the mechanisms underlying bacterial growth as well as resistance. Multispecies biofilms have complementary metabolic strategies for obtaining nutrients and degrading host immune molecules 3) . Various strategies have been developed and implicated for the biofilm control, however, natural and ef-Abstract: This study is first to test Pakistani honey bees, Apis dorsata and A. cerana honey samples as anti biofilm, anti quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm dispersal agents honey against multispecies biofilm of bacteria (obtained from obese patients). Briefly, five previously identified isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Morganella morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MT448672-MT448676) were selected. Antibiogram study of all five isolates was tested against three antibiotics viz., erythromycin (20 µg/mL), lincomycin (100 µg/mL) and rifampicin (100 µg/mL). In order to form multispecies biofilm, identified bacteria were grown in batch culture by mixing equal volumes (OD 590nm = 0.1) of 2, 3 and 5 bacterial isolates. In total 11 groups (g1-g11) were made. Crystal violet (CV) staining method was used to evaluate the antibiofilm potential and biofilm dispersal potential of both honey samples. QS inhibition in P. aeruginosa was measured following culture supernatant method. Antibiogram study showed significant (p < 0.05) resistance by P. aeruginosa against tested antibiotics. E. coli, M. morganii and K. pneumoniae were significantly susceptible to erythromycin and S. aureus to lincomycin. Both honey samples at 2% and 5% concentrations showed significant (p < 0.05) inhibition potential of multispecies biofilm by all test groups (g1-g11). Though A. dorsata honey significantly inhibited biofilm formation at 2 and 5% against all groups but 2% concentration was highly significant against g2-g4 groups. Regarding A. cerana honey, 2% concentration was significantly effective against g1, g4-g7 and g9-g11 groups. Both honey samples significantly inhibited QS at 2 and 5%. The 5% concentration of A. dorsata honey significantly dispersed biofilm by all groups compared to 2% which showed dispersal potential only by g2 and g3 groups. Accordingly, honey samples showed significant antibiofilm, anti-QS and biofilm dispersal potentials thus can be considered as good alternative to antibiotics.

development of the soil structure 2) . They enhance the soil structure by improving macro-porosity, which exerting their impact on water dynamics, aeration, and decomposition of inorganic and organic materials 3,4) .Various components of earthworms have been employed as therapeutic drugs against different infectious illnesses since 1340 AD 5) . The defensive system of earthworm lacks antibodies in their blood circulatory system but their body extracts and coelomic fluid comprise of different bioactive agents (i.e. peptides and proteins) that defend these worms 6) . Literature has revealed that earthworm s body extracts (i.e. coelomic fluid) contain different biologically active peptides and proteins that has potential effect as cy-Abstract: Humoral practice is a fundamental natural biological phenomenon in earthworm defensive system which protects them from infectious bacteria and irritating agents by different mechanisms. The defensive system of earthworms is highly complicated because they lack antibodies in their blood circulatory system but their body extracts and coelomic fluid comprise of different bioactive agents (i.e. peptides and proteins) that defend these worms. There are various groups of bioactive agents such as proteases (name depends on proteins/peptide function or formal earthworm species name), metabolites (total 59 metabolites found in Eisenia fetida), metal binding proteins (2 proteins such as Ca 2+ binding calmodulin and metallothionein), active proteins (include lysozyme, lysenin and eiseniapore etc.), antimicrobial peptides (antibacterial vermi-peptides family (AVPF), antimicrobial peptide I (PP-I), coelomic cytolytic factor (CCF, CCF-I and CCF like protein), fetidin, lysenin, lumbricin (lumbricin I, lumbricin PG, and lumbricusin), organic acids (fatty acids, succinic acids, and lauric acid) and other organic compounds (such as purine and vitamin D). The presence of above mentioned molecules confer therapeutic potential that affect energy intake and involve in decreasing oxidative stress, metabolic disturbances and pro-inflammatory conditions. The future perspectives of earthworm bioactive compounds are concerned with the development of provisional standards, purification and classification for utilizations in pharma industry.

Methods: This study was a Randomized Controlled Trial conducted at The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, University Institute of Physical Therapy, Lahore. n= 84 patients with Cervical Dystonia were recruited in this study using non- probability convenient sampling technique. Patients suffering with Cervical Dystonia who aged between 30 till 50 years were randomly assigned into two groups, 42 patients in each group. First Group A which was the control group which was treated with Functional Electrical Stimulation and routine physical therapy only while Group B was the Experimental group which was treated with Functional Electrical Stimulation also with kinesiotherapy and routine physical therapy. Both the groups were evaluated and assessed using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale, the Pain Numerating Scale, the 36- item short form health survey( SF-36), Neck Disability index and range of motion of neck flexion, neck extension and neck rotation was measured using universal goniometer. Results: Functional Electrical Stimulation combined with kinesiotherapy given to the experimental group showed more improvement in range of motion, quality of life , functional disability and the symptom of the pain also was reduced in the experimental group as compared to the control group. The mean values showed that there was a statistically significant difference in different variables between both the groups. When the scores( scores at baseline and at 16th week) for Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale for both the groups were compared it showed statistical difference between both the groups(p<0.05). Conclusion: Despite the fact that cervical dystonia has central neurological etiology, this study concludes that multimodal kinesiotherapy program which included stretching and relaxation, active exercises in addition to Functional Electrical Stimulation and Routine Physical Therapy tempts to have beneficial effects on a patient suffering from Cervical Dystonia. It showed beneficial effects on pain, quality of life, functional disability and range of motion of patients with cervical dystonia. Key Words: Functional Electrical Stimulation, Kinesiotherapy, Cervical Dystonia, Pain, Rang of Motion, Quality of life

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