Purpose: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma of the lung are currently subject to similar treatment regimens despite distinct differences in histology and epidemiology. The aim of this study is to identify a molecular target with diagnostic and therapeutic values for SCC.Experimental Design: Genes specifically up-regulated in SCC were explored through microarray analysis of 5 SCCs, 5 adenocarcinomas, 10 small cell lung carcinomas, 27 normal tissues, and 40 cancer cell lines. Clinical usefulness of these genes was subsequently examined mainly by immunohistochemical analysis.Results: Seven genes, including aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10 (AKR1B10), were identified as SCCspecific genes. AKR1B10 was further examined by immunohistochemical analysis of 101 non -small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and its overexpression was observed in 27 of 32 (84.4%) SCCs and 19 of 65 (29.2%) adenocarcinomas. Multiple regression analysis showed that smoking was an independent variable responsible for AKR1B10 overexpression in NSCLCs (P < 0.01) and adenocarcinomas (P < 0.01). AKR1B10 staining was occasionally observed even in squamous metaplasia, a precancerous lesion of SCC.Conclusion: AKR1B10 was overexpressed in most cases with SCC, which is closely associated with smoking, and many adenocarcinoma cases of smokers. These results suggest that AKR1B10 is a potential diagnostic marker specific to smokers' NSCLCs and might be involved in tobacco-related carcinogenesis.

VFA is a more useful parameter than BMI in predicting surgical outcomes after LAC.

Six weeks of treatment with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy improved health-related quality of life and reduced hypercapnia in patients with stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02545855) and www.umin/ac.jp (UMIN000017639).

Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10 (AKR1B10), an enzyme that converts retinals into retinols is known to detect in non-small cell lung carcinoma (squamous cell- and adeno-carcinomas), but is barely expressed in normal tissues. Since these types of carcinoma occur frequently in the uterus (like in the lung), AKR1B10 may also be overexpressed in two major types of uterine cancer, cervical cancer (CC), and endometrial cancer (EMC). The objective of this study is to investigate AKR1B10 expression in uterine cancer and to analyze its clinical significance. In samples from uterine cancer patients, AKR1B10 was detected in 6 out of 30 (20.0%) CC cases and 6 out of 38 (15.8%) EMC cases. Statistical analysis indicated that AKR1B10 expression was associated with tumor recurrence after surgery and keratinization of squamous cell carcinoma only in CC. Although retinol (a metabolic product by AKR1B10) was observed in the normal epithelium, the molecule was not observed in cancer cells of AKR1B10-positive CC samples suggesting that the recurrence in CC may not depend on the convert of retinals into retinols via AKR1B10, a potential indicator in the management of patients with CC.