We report, to our knowledge, the first genetic evidence that clusterin is a tumor and metastasis suppressor gene.

Porcine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells accumulated myo‐inositol and taurine, as well as betaine, during adaptation to hypertonic stress. The cells grew and maintained their normal morphology during culture in hypertonic (0.5 osmol (kg H2O)−1) medium that contained osmolytes such as betaine, myo‐inositol or taurine at concentrations close to reported physiological values. The cells did not grow well in hypertonic medium depleted of potential compatible osmolytes. After a few days, cell density decreased by about 50 % and many cells rounded up and detached from the plates, their nuclei showing clear apoptotic morphology. The caspase‐3 activity of the cells also increased dramatically under these conditions, but remained negligibly low when betaine and myo‐inositol were added to the medium. Addition of betaine and myo‐inositol to hypertonic medium depleted of compatible osmolytes increased the number of colonies remaining after 12 days of culture; with each solute at 30–100 μmol l−1 the number increased about sixfold. In the absence of compatible osmolytes, increased mRNA levels and corresponding activities of betaine/γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter (BGT1) and sodium/myo‐inositol transporter (SMIT) induced by hypertonicity remained high after 72 h incubation, whereas they were down regulated in the presence of betaine and myo‐inositol. Similarly, the down regulation of the amino acid System A transporter (ATA2) was markedly slowed in the absence of compatible osmolytes. We conclude that these compatible osmolytes at concentrations close to physiological values enable the endothelial cells to adapt to hypertonic stress, protecting them from apoptosis, and also modulate the adaptation process.