-There are very few reports about prevalence of presenile dementia in Brazil. We reviewed files of patients evaluated with early onset of cognitive impairment in our institution. Among 141 patients (61% males) there was no difference between gender by age at onset or at first evaluation. We have observed an increasing number of patients after 50 years. The most frequent causes were: vascular dementia (36.9%), Alzheimer's disease (20.3%) and traumatic brain injury (9.2%). There was difference among dementia type by age of onset and first evaluation, educational level and length of dementia. These results may be compared with those from other neurologic services in order to replicate or confirm these results.KEY WORDS: presenile dementia, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, epidemiology. Prevalência de demência pré-senil num ambulatório terciárioRESUMO -Em nosso meio há raros estudos que verifiquem quais as causas mais prevalentes de demência pré-senil. Avaliamos retrospectivamente os prontuários de pacientes com início precoce de alterações cognitivas, ambulatório de Neurologia da Cognição do Hospital Santa Marcelina. Entre os 141 sujeitos (61% de homens) não houve diferença quanto às idades de início e à primeira consulta e escolaridade entre os sexos. Observamos aumento no número de demência após os 50 anos. A causa mais freqüente foi vascular (36,9%), seguida por doença de Alzheimer (20,3%) e secundária a trauma cranio encefálico (9,2%). Houve diferença entre os tipos de demência quanto à idade na primeira consulta e idade de início, escolaridade e duração do quadro. Ao contrário de outros estudos o diagnóstico mais freqüente foi demência vascular. Novos estudos em nosso meio deverão ser realizados para avaliar este achado nas demências de início precoce.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: demência pré-senil, demência vascular, doença de Alzheimer, epidemiologia.Dementia is a disorder of greater prevalence in older subjects, but many cases can begin in an early age, affecting people in a productive phase of their lives. A syndrome characterized by many cognitive deficits of sufficient severity to interfere with daily life activities and in quality of life. It is a public health problem due its expensive treatment and dependence of patients for governmental sources for sustainability. There are a few studies in epidemiology of presenile dementia comparing to an older onset or familiar Alzheimer's disease (AD) [1][2][3] . The prevalence of presenile dementia is lower that ones with onset in the elderly. Harvey et al. 4 reported that the prevalence increases exponentially between 45 to 60 years of age; this finding was replicated by another three epidemiological studies [5][6][7] . The most frequent diagnosis in early onset dementia is:Alzheimer's disease, followed by vascular dementia (VaD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 8 . There are no studies analyzing the prevalence of presenile dementia in our country in a search in MEDLINE. Other authors have reported diagnostic prevalence in senile dementia or overall rates o...

Background and ObjectivesTo describe the clinical features and disease outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).MethodsThe Neuroimmunology Brazilian Study Group has set up the report of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV2) cases in patients with NMOSD (pwNMOSD) using a designed web-based case report form. All neuroimmunology outpatient centers and individual neurologists were invited to register their patients across the country. Data collected between March 19 and July 25, 2020, were uploaded at the REDONE.br platform. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) NMOSD diagnosis according to the 2015 International Panel Criteria and (2) confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or serology) or clinical suspicion of COVID-19, diagnosed according to Center for Disease Control / Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CDC/CSTE) case definition. Demographic and NMOSD-related clinical data, comorbidities, disease-modifying therapy (DMT), COVID-19 clinical features, and severity were described.ResultsAmong the 2,061 pwNMOSD followed up by Brazilian neurologists involved on the registry of COVID-19 in pwNMOSD at the REDONE.br platform, 34 patients (29 women) aged 37 years (range 8–77), with disease onset at 31 years (range 4–69) and disease duration of 6 years (range 0.2–20.5), developed COVID-19 (18 confirmed and 16 probable cases). Most patients exhibited mild disease, being treated at home (77%); 4 patients required admission at intensive care units (severe cases); and 1 patient died. Five of 34 (15%) presented neurologic manifestations (relapse or pseudoexacerbation) during or after SARS-CoV2 infection.DiscussionMost NMOSD patients with COVID-19 presented mild disease forms. However, pwNMOSD had much higher odds of hospitalization and intensive care unit admission comparing with the general Brazilian population. The frequency of death was not clearly different. NMOSD disability, DMT type, and comorbidities were not associated with COVID-19 outcome. SARS-CoV2 infection was demonstrated as a risk factor for NMOSD relapses. Collaborative studies using shared NMOSD data are needed to suitably define factors related to COVID-19 severity and neurologic manifestations.

RESUMO -Descreve-se um caso de síndrome de Miller Fisher associada a neuropatia óptica desmielinizante bilateral, confirmada pelo exame de potencial evocado visual, sugerindo possível comprometimento do sistema nervoso central nessa síndrome. A síndrome de Miller Fisher é uma desordem rara, esporádica, caracterizada por oftalmoparesia, ataxia e arreflexia, tendo sido descrita pela primeira vez por Fisher em 1956 1,2 . O acometimento do segundo nervo craniano foi descrito em poucos casos, sugerindo envolvimento associado do sistema nervoso central (SNC) na patogênese desta síndrome 3,4 . PALAVRAS-CHAVES

RESUMO -Apresentamos três casos de arterite do sistema nervoso central associada a neurocisticercose. No primeiro caso, relatamos a ocorrência de arterite bilateral das artérias cerebrais médias em um paciente de 36 anos, com quadro de hemiparesia direita e afasia. A ressonância nuclear do encéfalo evidenciou cisto racemoso parietal direito e infarto temporal esquerdo. O estudo angiográfico mostrou oclusão total da artéria cerebral média esquerda e oclusão subtotal da artéria cerebral média direita. No segundo caso demonstramos a ocorrência de vasculite de pequenos vasos em um paciente de 42 anos, com quadro de cefaléia, crises convulsivas, afasia e déficit motor. A tomografia de crânio revelou calcificações intraparenquimatosas e área isquêmica temporal esquerda. O estudo angiográfico cerebral revelou-se normal. O terceiro caso trata de uma paciente de 53 anos de idade com história pregressa de seis episódios de acidente vascular cerebral e quadro atual de distúrbio do comportamento e convulsões. A tomografia e ressonância nuclear magnética de crânio revelaram múltiplos infartos lacunares e cistos cisternais. A angiografia cerebral mostrou arterite de vasos intracranianos tanto do sistema carotídeo como vértebro-basilar. Nos três casos o estudo quimiocitológico do líquor mostrou pleocitose linfomonocitária e reação imunológica (ELISA) para cisticercose positiva.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: neurocisticercose, acidente vascular cerebral, arterite cerebral. Cerebrovascular disease and neurocysticercosisABSTRACT -We report three cases of stroke secondary to neurocysticercosis. The first one is a 36 years old man with bilateral middle cerebral artery occlusions who had presented acute right hemiparesia and aphasia. MRI demonstrated several enhancing subarachnoid cysts surrounding the occluded vessels, a right parietal racemose cyst and a left temporal large infarction area. Angiographic study showed total occlusion of left middle cerebral artery and a subtotal occlusion of right middle cerebral artery. The second one is a 42 years old man with vasculitis of small cortical vessels who presented with headache, seizures and focal neurological deficit. CT scan demonstrated several calcifications and a left temporal infarction area. Cerebral angiographic study was normal. The third case was a woman, 53 years old, with a past history of six stroke events and an actual behavior disturbance and seizures. MRI demonstrated several cortical and subcortical infarction areas and cisternal cysts. Angiographic study showed diffuse arteritis of basilar and carotid arterial system. In all three cases CS. study showed linfomonocitic pleocytosis and positive ELISA for cysticercosis.KEY WORDS: neurocysticercosis, stroke, arteritis. Dra. Maria Sheila Guimarães Rocha -Rua Gandavo 100 / 111 -04023-000 São Paulo SP Brasil. E-mail: msrocha@uol.com.br A cisticercose é a doença parasitária que mais frequentemente atinge o sistema nervoso central (SNC), sendo endêmica em muitos países subdesenvolvidos, especialmente na América Latina, Central e na Áfri-ca ...

The Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) provide recommendations in this document for vaccination of the population with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) against infections in general and against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. We emphasize the seriousness of the current situation in view of the spread of COVID-19 in our country. Therefore, reference guides on vaccination for clinicians, patients, and public health authorities are particularly important to prevent some infectious diseases. The DCNI/ABN and BCTRIMS recommend that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases (e.g., MS and NMOSD) be continually monitored for updates to their vaccination schedule, especially at the beginning or before a change in treatment with a disease modifying drug (DMD). It is also important to note that vaccines are safe, and physicians should encourage their use in all patients. Clearly, special care should be taken when live attenuated viruses are involved. Finally, it is important for physicians to verify which DMD the patient is receiving and when the last dose was taken, as each drug may affect the induction of immune response differently.