Studies in recent years have indicated that neuroimmunological events and immune activation may have a place in the etiology of depression. It has been suggested from data that there is a causal relationship between activation of the immune system and excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the etiology of depression. Although the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is unclear, there is evidence that it can reduce cytokines and immune system changes. In our study, we aimed to determine how levels of serum immunomodulators were affected by ECT in major depression patients. This study was conducted on 50 patients with treatment-resistant major depression. The data of the patients were compared with 30 healthy individuals with similar demographic characteristics. A clinical response occurred in the patients and at the end of therapy, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-4, and interferon-gamma levels were measured. The disease severity was assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 15. Significant differences were determined between the patients with major depression and control group with respect to basal serum IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-4, and interferon-gamma levels. ECT treatment was shown to reduce these differences. ECT may cause significant changes in the activity of the immune system. The consideration of the relationship between the immune endocrine neurotransmitter systems could contribute to new theories regarding the mechanism of antidepressant treatment and biology of depression.

Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia as well as many neuropsychiatric disease. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) reduces the level of NO by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme. In this study it is aimed to be investigated ADMA in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. In this study, according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder, 49 male first-episode schizophrenia patients-whose mean age was 23.4±3.5 year-and age and education matched 30 healthy male subjects were included for comparison. ADMA levels of the patients were measured before and after 2 months of therapy. In order to rule out the conditions that may affect the levels of ADMA, people whose physical examination and laboratory findings were within normal range were included in the study. In this study plasma ADMA levels of first-episode schizophrenia patients and control group were 3.6±1.5 µmol/L and 1.02±1.02 respectively. After 2 months of antipsychotic treatment plasma ADMA levels of the schizophrenia patients decreased compared to baseline. There was no relationship between the ADMA levels and the clinical severity of the disease. It is considered to be the role of ADMA in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia.

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Objective: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which is observed in 3-7% of the children at school age. It is associated with significant disruption in developmental, cognitive, and academic domains. In recent years, intensive research has been conducted on the topic of Woman's Mental Health. Psychiatric disorders significantly affect individual and interpersonal relationships at all stages of individual's life. Methods: 50 patients aged 11-17 years who were diagnosed as ADHD were enrolled to the study. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) interview and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ), and Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) were administered to all cases included. Results: Mean age was 12.78±1.67 in patient group. Frequency of psychiatric disorder was 14% among mothers of the patients with ADHD. It was found that mean score for attachment to mother was 69, whereas mean score for attachment to father was 66. In peer attachment, highest mean score was found for disinterested attachment by 4.41±1.19. When attachment was assessed by maternal psychiatric disorder status, no significant differences were found in parent attachment, while a significant difference was found in favor of obsessive attachment to peer (p<0.05). Conclusions: In our study, mean scores for obsessive attachment was found to be significantly higher in children in whom maternal psychiatric disorder was present. It was found that mothers of children with ADHD promoted less interaction with their children; that they were less responsive to positive and neutral interactions promoted by children; and that they used more negative, more reactive, more authoritative and more controlling but less positive parenting strategies. Previous studies reported that mothers of children with ADHD experienced more burnout and have higher exhaustion levels when compared controls.

Grief mania that is evaluated as psychogenic mania in the literature is related to manic episode that emerges after the loss of a loved one. There are not many cases that associate causality of beginning of mania and mourning in the literature. It is known that mania is induced by traumatic events but the cases that do not suit stages of development of grief process are evaluated as pathological grief. In this case, the woman who experienced manic episode after her son's death is presented. This case is prepared because mania should be considered as possible grief reaction. Case presentation: A patient who is 40 years old, married, mother of 4 children is brought by relatives because of aggressiveness, tension, insomnia for 4 days, fast and talk a lot and nonsense laughing attacks. She was presented to hospital for stressful life events 2 years ago and started to be on medication (escitalopram 10 mg) because of depression and fibromiyaliji diagnosis. She used medication for 1.5 years and she did not use any medication for the last 6months. There is no history for mental disorder in her family. Psychological examination: her interest for the environment was increased, self-care ability got better, her temperament was cheerful, her sociability was respectful, amount of talking and tone of voice increased, mimic and gesture was appropriate for her temperament, sleeping decreased, thought flow increased and achieved goal of conversation late. Moreover, there were grandiose delusions and hypervigilance, affect was close to euphoria, her psychomotor behaviours increased and social functioning decreased. According to biochemical and radiological workup, there was no pathological situation. The client started to use Lithium 900 mg/day and Olanzapin 10 mg/day because of the bipolar disorder diagnosis. The patient's blood lithium level was 0.8mEq/L and lithium was used 1200 mg/day and then 10 days later the patient's blood lithium level was 0.72 mEq/L. According to clinical observations, the patient's manic symptoms remained. Furthermore, the patient started to cry occasionally after 1 month and her grandiosity disappeared. The patient was discharged from the hospital after 45 days. The patient met the criteria for manic episode in DSM 5. The patient did not take any medication for last 6 months. Thus, it is considered that this situation was not induced by medication. It puts the patient into risk group because she was treated for depression before but it is not considered as bipolar depression because there were psychiatric history in the family and depression that experienced 2 years ago was related to stressful life events. It is considered that this case experienced grief/funeral mania because there was contiguity between loss of her son and manic episode, the patient did not react this way to previous challenging life events and the patient was outside of the ordinary 5 stages of grief process.