The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC.

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The disclosure forms of the authors and reviewers are available on the ESC website www.escardio.org/guidelines † Representing the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Other ESC entities having participated in the development of this document:.

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