We studied the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) like state established due to the proximity effect in superconducting Nb/Cu 41 Ni 59 bilayers. Using a special wedge-type deposition technique, series of 20-35 samples could be fabricated by magnetron sputtering during one run. The layer thickness of only a few nanometers, the composition of the alloy, and the quality of interfaces were controlled by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Auger spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic alloy layer were characterized with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. These studies yield precise information about the thickness, and demonstrate the homogeneity of the alloy composition and magnetic properties along the sample series. The dependencies of the critical temperature on the Nb and Cu 41 Ni 59 layer thickness, T c (d S ) and T c (d F ), were investigated for constant thickness d F of the magnetic alloy layer and d S of the superconducting layer, respectively. All types of non-monotonic behaviors of T c versus d F predicted by the theory could be realized experimentally: from reentrant superconducting behavior with a broad extinction region to a slight suppression of superconductivity with a shallow minimum. Even a double extinction of superconductivity was observed, giving evidence for the multiple reentrant behavior predicted by theory. All critical temperature curves were fitted with suitable sets of parameters. Then, T c (d F ) diagrams of a hypothetical F/S/F spin-switch core structure were calculated using these parameters. Finally, superconducting spin-switch fabrication issues are discussed in detail in view of the achieved results.

We report on the first observation of a pronounced re-entrant superconductivity phenomenon in superconductor/ferromagnetic layered systems. The results were obtained using a superconductor/ferromagnetic-alloy bilayer of Nb/Cu1−xNix. The superconducting transition temperature Tc drops sharply with increasing thickness dCuNi of the ferromagnetic layer, until complete suppression of superconductivity is observed at dCuNi ≈4 nm. Increasing the Cu1−xNix layer thickness further, superconductivity reappears at dCuNi≈13 nm. Our experiments give evidence for the pairing function oscillations associated with a realization of the quasi-one dimensional Fulde-FerrellLarkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) like state in the ferromagnetic layer.The coexistence of superconductivity (S) and ferromagnetism (F) in a homogeneous material, described by Fulde-Ferrell and Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) [1,2], is restricted to an extremely narrow range of parameters [3]. So far no indisputable experimental evidence for the FFLO state exists.In general, superconductivity and ferromagnetism do not coexist, since superconductivity requires the conduction electrons to form Cooper pairs with antiparallel spins, whereas ferromagnetism forces the electrons to align their spins parallel. This antagonism can be overcome if superconducting and ferromagnetic regions are spatially separated, as for example, in artificially layered superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) nanostructures (see, e.g. [4], for an early review). The two long-range ordered states influence each other via the penetration of electrons through their common interface. Superconductivity in such a proximity system can survive, even if the exchange splitting energy E ex ∼ k B θ Curie in the ferromagnetic layer is orders of magnitude larger than the superconducting order parameter ∆ ∼ k B T c , with T c the superconducting transition temperature. Cooper pairs entering from the superconducting into the ferromagnetic region experience conditions drastically different from those in a non-magnetic metal. This is due to the fact that spin-up and spin-down partners in a Cooper pair occupy different exchange-split spin-subbands of the conduction band in the ferromagnet. Thus, the spin-up and spin-down wave-vectors of electrons in a pair, which have opposite directions, cannot longer be of equal magnitude and the Cooper pair acquires a finite pairing momentum [5]. This results in a pairing function that does not simply decay as in a non-magnetic metal, but in addition oscillates on a characteristic length scale. This length scale is the magnetic coherence length ξ F , which will be specified below.Various unusual phenomena follow from the oscillation of the pairing wave function in ferromagnets (see, e.g. the recent reviews [6,7,8] and references therein). A prominent example is the oscillatory S/F proximity effect. It can be qualitatively described using the analogy with the interference of reflected light in a Fabry-Pérot interferometer at normal incidence. As the conditions change periodically between construc...

Manipulation of magnetisation with ultrashort laser pulses is promising for information storage device applications. The dynamics of the magnetisation response depends on the energy transfer from the photons to the spins during the initial laser excitation. A material of special interest for magnetic storage are FePt nanoparticles, for which switching of the magnetisation with optical angular momentum was demonstrated recently. The mechanism remained unclear. Here we investigate experimentally and theoretically the all-optical switching of FePt nanoparticles. We show that the magnetisation switching is a stochastic process. We develop a complete multiscale model which allows us to optimize the number of laser shots needed to switch the magnetisation of high anisotropy FePt nanoparticles in our experiments. We conclude that only angular momentum induced optically by the inverse Faraday effect will provide switching with one single femtosecond laser pulse.

The theory of superconductor-ferromagnet (S-F) heterostructures with two ferromagnetic layers predicts the generation of a long-range, odd-in-frequency triplet pairing at non-collinear alignment (NCA) of the magnetizations of the F-layers. This triplet pairing has been detected in a Nb/Cu 41 Ni 59 /nc-Nb/Co/CoO x spin-valve type proximity effect heterostructure, in which a very thin Nb film between the F-layers serves as a normal conducting (nc) spacer. The resistance of the sample as a function of an external magnetic field shows that for not too high fields the system is superconducting at a collinear alignment of the Cu 41 Ni 59 and Co layer magnetic moments, but switches to the normal conducting state at a NCA configuration. This indicates that the superconducting transition temperature T c for NCA is lower than the fixed measuring temperature. The existence of a minimum T c , at the NCA regime below that one for parallel or antiparallel alignments of the F-layer magnetic moments, is consistent with the theoretical prediction of a singlet superconductivity suppression by the long-range triplet pairing generation.An odd-in-frequency triplet pairing generation in singlet superconductor/ferromagnet thin-film heterostructures was predicted theoretically [1][2][3]. At least two ferromagnetic layers (F 1 ,F 2 ) with a non-collinear alignment of their magnetizations, are required to couple the conventional opposite-spin singlet s-wave pairing channel with the unconventional, odd-triplet s-wave pairing channel. The latter one is of extraordinary long range in F layers [1,2,4], because the magnetized conduction band of a ferromagnetic metal serves as an eigenmedia supporting the equal-spin pairing.Intense activities followed to formulate optimal conditions and realize experimental schemes for the generation and detection of this odd-triplet pairing utilizing the Josephson effect [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].