The present study demonstrated that the CFCS serves as a valid measurement tool for persistent pain in children.

Children's and parents' ratings of postoperative pain intensity are influenced by the presence of a smiling "no pain" face at the beginning of faces scales, with such scales producing significantly higher ratings than scales with neutral "no pain" faces. Ratings on the independent CAS measure were more comparable to those provided on faces scales with neutral "no pain" faces. Nurses are also susceptible to the influencing effect of a smiling face at the beginning of a faces scale.

This preliminary report suggests that nalbuphine 50 microg x kg(-1) iv is not effective in treating postoperative opioid-induced pruritus in pediatric patients. The modified CAS score and PrID warrant further investigation.