No abstract

In DM patients, CD4+CD28(null)T-cells are expanded and are associated with poor glycaemic control; they also correlate with the occurrence of a first cardiovascular event and with a worse outcome after an ACS.

LGE is significantly less sensitive than EAM in identifying RV cardiomyopathic substrates. Absence of LGE does not rule out the presence of small scars, and EAM with biopsy should be considered to increase the diagnostic yield.

Background-The diagnostic reliability and pathophysiologic relevance of different noninvasive diagnostic criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) are undefined. We tested the association between noninvasive diagnostic criteria for ARVC and the presence of low-voltage areas (LVAs) detected at electroanatomic voltage mapping (EAM). Methods and Results-Noninvasive diagnostic criteria, including ECG, signal-averaged ECG (SAECG), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) criteria, were compared with the presence and location of LVAs detected at right ventricular (RV) EAM in 17 patients (9 men) aged 50Ϯ16 years with biopsy specimen-proven ARVC. LVAs were found in 15 (88%) patients. Patients with surface ECG abnormalities showed a higher degree of RV involvement than those without ECG abnormalities (number of LVAs, 1.8Ϯ0.5 versus 0.9Ϯ0.6, respectively; PϽ0.01). A significant association was found between SAECG abnormalities and LVAs in the RV outflow tract (Pϭ0.03) but not between SAECG parameters and LVAs in other RV regions. Among CMR findings, RV delayed enhancement was more significantly associated with the distribution of LVAs (free wall, PϽ0.01; outflow tract, PϽ0.01; posteroinferior wall, Pϭ0.02). Regional RV dysfunction also showed a good correlation with LVAs, with the most significant association being found with the free wall (Pϭ0.01), whereas RV fat infiltration at CMR was not correlated with LVAs. Conclusion-In patients with ARVC, SAECG abnormalities correlate with the presence of LVAs selectively in the RV outflow tract, whereas surface ECG abnormalities are associated with a more diffuse RV involvement. Myocardial delayed enhancement is the CMR finding more strongly associated with LVAs, thus supporting the appropriateness of its inclusion among diagnostic criteria for ARVC. (Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:632-638.)