Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization was performed with 10 strains belonging to the "Erwinia herbicula-Enterubacter agglumerans complex" by using the competition method on nitrocellulose filters. These

In the present study, we evaluated the viability of non-enveloped viruses, minute virus of mice (MVM) and coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and enveloped-viruses, influenza A virus (H1N1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), on surfaces. We also investigated the impact of the initial concentration of proteins and sodium chloride on the persistence of infectious CVB4 on surfaces. Viral suspensions (>104.5 TCID50) were applied to petri dish lids and dried under the air flow of a biosafety cabinet. The recovered viral preparations were titered on appropriate cell lines. Enveloped viruses persisted for less than 5 days while CVB4 and MVM persisted for weeks. However, repetitive cycles of drying and resuspension had a stronger virucidal effect on CVB4 than on H1N1 and HSV-1. These repetitive cycles had no effect on the infectious titer of MVM. When exposed to drying, the initial concentrations of bovine serum albumin (from 0 to 90 mg mL−1), fetal calf serum (from 0 to 100%), and sodium chloride (from 0 to 300 mg mL−1) affected the viability of CVB4. CVB4 was more likely to be inactivated by drying in a protein-rich medium, whereas the impact of drying was reduced in the presence of sodium chloride. The results of the present study demonstrated that the resistance of viruses to drying, as suggested by iterative drying, was not due to the heterogeneity of viral subpopulations, but was influenced by media compositions and component concentrations, as illustrated in the model of CVB4.

A total of 301 strains of fluorescent pseudomonads previously characterized by conventional phenotypic and/or genomic taxonomic methods were analyzed through siderotyping, i.e., by the isoelectrophoretic characterization of their main siderophores and pyoverdines and determination of the pyoverdine-mediated iron uptake specificity of the strains. As a general rule, strains within a well-circumscribed taxonomic group, namely the species Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas jessenii, Pseudomonas mandelii, Pseudomonas monteilii, "Pseudomonas mosselii," "Pseudomonas palleronii," Pseudomonas rhodesiae, "Pseudomonas salomonii," Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas thivervalensis, Pseudomonas tolaasii, and Pseudomonas veronii and the genomospecies FP1, FP2, and FP3 produced an identical pyoverdine which, in addition, was characteristic of the group, since it was structurally different from the pyoverdines produced by the other groups. In contrast, 28 strains belonging to the notoriously heterogeneous Pseudomonas fluorescens species were characterized by great heterogeneity at the pyoverdine level. The study of 23 partially characterized phenotypic clusters demonstrated that siderotyping is very useful in suggesting correlations between clusters and welldefined species and in detecting misclassified individual strains, as verified by DNA-DNA hybridization. The usefulness of siderotyping as a determinative tool was extended to the nonfluorescent species Pseudomonas corrugata, Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, Pseudomonas graminis, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, which were seen to have an identical species-specific siderophore system and thus were easily differentiated from one another. Thus, the fast, accurate, and easy-to-perform siderotyping method compares favorably with the usual phenotypic and genomic methods presently necessary for accurate identification of pseudomonads at the species level.

We propose the name Pseudomonas monteilii for a new species of gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacteria that were nonhemolytic on blood agar and were isolated from clinical sources. The 10 strains of P. monteilii were incapable of liquefing gelatin. They grew at 10°C but not at 41"C, produced fluorescent pigments, catalase, and cytochrome oxidase, and possessed the arginine dihydrolase system. They were capable of respiratory but not fermentative metabolism. They did not hydrolyze esculin or starch and were able to use benzylamine, aaminobutyrate, D-ribose, L-arabinose, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate, isobutyrate, inositol, phenylacetate, D-alanine, and amylamine. They possessed L-phenylalanine arylamidase, L-lysine arylamidase, L-alanine arylamidase, y-glutamyl-transferase, glycyl-phenylalanine arylamidase, L-tryptophan arylamidase, glycyl-L-alanine arylamidase, esterase C , , esterase C , , esterase C , , esterase C , , esterase Cl0, and esterase CIS. DNA relatedness studies revealed that P. monteilii strains formed a homogeneous DNA hybridization group. A total of 57 strains representing previously described or partially characterized taxa belonging to the genus Pseudomoms were 6 to 54% related to P. monteilii. The highest hybridization values were obtained with strains belonging to or related to Pseudomonasputida biovar A. The average G+C content of the DNA was 60.5 0.5 mol% for four of the P. monteilii strains studied. The type strain of P. monteilii is CFML 90-60 (= CIP 104883); it was isolated from bronchial aspirate and has a G+C content of 60 mol%. The clinical significance of these organisms is not known.It is generally accepted today that the genus Pseudomonas, as described in Beigey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (32), was multigeneric and should not be maintained as a single genus (11-13, 33,34,53,60,61) Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas jfuorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas chlororaphis (5, 23, 39, 51), and the plant-pathogenic Pseudomonas species (Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas cichorii) are the most important fluorescent species (34). Two other species, Pseudomonas veronii (16) and Pseudomonas rhodesiae (6), have been described recently for fluorescent Pseudomonas strains isolated from natural mineral waters (15). A common characteristic of all of the above organisms is the production of pigments that fluoresce under short-wavelength UV light (25). Taxonomically, the fluorescent pseudomonads are extremely complex. The plantpathogenic fluorescent pseudomonads (17, 32) are characterized by a negative arginine dihydrolase reaction and represent a branch that is phylogenetically separate from the other fluorescent organisms in similarity group I of Palleroni (32). P. aeruginosa, the type species of the genus Pseudomonas, is a typical opportunistic pathogen (3). Most strains of this species can be easily identified by a number of phenotypic characteristics (34). This is a homogeneous species on genotypic grounds (35).P. jfuorescens and P. putida were described a few years after...