Gamma-ray bursts are the strongest explosions in the Universe since the Big Bang, believed to be produced either in forming black holes at the end of massive star evolution [1, 2, 3] or merging of compact objects [4]. Spectral and timing properties of gamma-ray bursts suggest that the observed bright gamma-rays are produced in the most relativistic jets in the Universe [4]; however, the physical properties, especially the structure and magnetic topologies in the jets are still not well known, despite several decades of studies. It is widely believed that precise measurements of the polarization properties of gamma-ray bursts should provide crucial information on the highly relativistic jets [5]. As a result there have been many reports of gamma-ray burst polarization measurements with diverse results, see [1], however many such measurements suffered from substantial uncertainties, mostly systematic [7, and references therein]. After the first successful measurements by the GAP and COSI instruments [2, 3, 4], here we report a statistically meaningful sample of precise polarization measurements, obtained with the dedicated gamma-ray burst polarimeter, POLAR onboard China's Tiangong-2 spacelab. Our results suggest that the gamma-ray emission is at most polarized at a level lower than some popular models have predicted; although our results also show intrapulse evolution of the polarization angle. This indicates that the low polarization degrees could be due to an evolving polarization angle during a gamma-ray burst.POLAR is a dedicated Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) polarization detection experiment onboard China's Tiangong-2 spacelab [11], launched on Sept. 15th, 2016 and stopped operation on March 31, 2017. POLAR detected 55 GRBs with high significance. In order to make statistically significant GRB polarization measurements and yet with negligible systematic errors, we select a subsample of five GRBs for detailed analysis of their polarization properties; please refer to the supplementary information (SI) for the sample selection criteria and the properties of the five selected GRBs. We employ a straight forward χ 2 based analysis, similar to that successfully employed in [4], to study the polarization properties of the five GRBs, while a Bayesian method is employed to accurately determine the credible regions of the measurements. The studies rely on extensive ground and in-orbit calibration data and Monte-Carlo simulations matching the calibration data [12, 13]. Please refer to the methods section for details of the methodology and analysis.In Figure 1, we show the measured modulation curves of the five GRBs integrated over the whole GRB duration, together with the best fitting simulated modulation curves from linear polarization and fitting residuals. All fittings are statistically acceptable with no significant systematic deviations. In Figure 2, we show the 2-D posterior distributions of the five GRBs, i.e., the posterior probability as functions of both polarization angle (PA) and degree (PD). Clearly the measured P...

Context. Despite over 50 years of research, many open questions remain about the origin and nature of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Linear polarization measurements of the prompt emission of these extreme phenomena have long been thought to be key to answering a range of these questions. The POLAR detector was designed to produce the first set of detailed and reliable linear polarization measurements in the 50 − 500 keV energy range. During late 2016 and early 2017, POLAR detected a total of 55 GRBs. The analysis results of 5 of these GRBs have been reported, and were found to be consistent with a low or unpolarized flux. However, previous reports by other collaborations found high levels of linear polarization, including some as high as 90%. Aims. We study the linear polarization for the 14 GRBs observed by POLAR for which statistically robust inferences are possible. Additionally, time-resolved polarization studies are performed on GRBs with sufficient apparent flux. Methods. A publicly available polarization analysis tool, developed within the Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood framework (3ML), was used to produce statistically robust results. The method allows spectral and polarimetric data from POLAR to be combined with spectral data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (hereafter Swift) to jointly model the spectral and polarimetric parameters. Results. The time-integrated analysis finds all results to be compatible with low or zero polarization with the caveat that, when timeresolved analysis is possible within individual pulses, we observe moderate linear polarization with a rapidly changing polarization angle. Therefore, time-integrated polarization results, while pointing to lower polarization, are potentially an artifact of summing over the changing polarization signal and thus washing out the true moderate polarization. We therefore caution against overinterpretation of any time-integrated results inferred herein and encourage the community to wait for more detailed polarization measurements from forthcoming missions such as POLAR-2 and LEAP.

The POLAR detector is a space based Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) polarimeter with a wide field of view, which covers almost half the sky. The instrument uses Compton scattering of gamma rays on a plastic scintillator hodoscope to measure the polarization of the incoming photons. The instrument has been successfully launched on board of the Chinese space laboratory Tiangong 2 on September 15, 2016. The construction of the instrument components is described in this article. Details are provided on problems encountered during the construction phase and their solutions. Initial performance of the instrument in orbit is as expected from ground tests and Monte Carlo simulation.

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POLAR is a new satellite-born detector aiming to measure the polarization of an unprecedented number of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the 50-500 keV energy range. The instrument, launched on-board the Tiangong-2 Chinese Space lab on the 15th of September 2016, is designed to measure the polarization of the hard X-ray flux by measuring the distribution of the azimuthal scattering angles of the incoming photons. A detailed understanding of the polarimeter and specifically of the systematic effects induced by the instrument's non-uniformity are required for this purpose. In order to study the instrument's response to polarization, POLAR underwent a beam test at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France. In this paper both the * Corresponding author beam test and the instrument performance will be described. This is followed by an overview of the Monte Carlo simulation tools developed for the instrument. Finally a comparison of the measured and simulated instrument performance will be provided and the instrument response to polarization will be presented.