These results suggest that cardiovascular fitness is associated with the sparing of brain tissue in aging humans. Furthermore, these results suggest a strong biological basis for the role of aerobic fitness in maintaining and enhancing central nervous system health and cognitive functioning in older adults.

Cardiovascular fitness is thought to offset declines in cognitive performance, but little is known about the cortical mechanisms that underlie these changes in humans. Research using animal models shows that aerobic training increases cortical capillary supplies, the number of synaptic connections, and the development of new neurons. The end result is a brain that is more efficient, plastic, and adaptive, which translates into better performance in aging animals. Here, in two separate experiments, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge, in humans that increases in cardiovascular fitness results in increased functioning of key aspects of the attentional network of the brain during a cognitively challenging task. Specifically, highly fit (Study 1) or aerobically trained (Study 2) persons show greater task-related activity in regions of the prefrontal and parietal cortices that are involved in spatial selection and inhibitory functioning, when compared with low-fit (Study 1) or nonaerobic control (Study 2) participants. Additionally, in both studies there exist groupwise differences in activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, which is thought to monitor for conflict in the attentional system, and signal the need for adaptation in the attentional network. These data suggest that increased cardiovascular fitness can affect improvements in the plasticity of the aging human brain, and may serve to reduce both biological and cognitive senescence in humans.S everal approaches to maintaining or improving cognitive performance in older adults have shown promise. It has long been known that older experts in a variety of domains can maintain high levels of performance into their 70s (1, 2). Also, in some cases, older adults have been shown to benefit as much or more than young adults from formal training of different cognitive abilities (3, 4). However, with few exceptions (4), the beneficial effects of these interventions tend to be limited to the tasks used in training. For example, expertise in typing has little or no effect on one's ability to drive a car, and training in visual search paradigms has little effect on working memory performance.Since Spirudiso's seminal study of aging racquet sportsmen (5), there has been increasing interest in the utility of physical exercise as a more global moderator of age-related declines in cognition (6). A recent metaanalysis of the literature examining the effects of cardiovascular fitness training (CFT) on cognitive function has confirmed that CFT can play such a role (7). An analysis of 18 longitudinal fitness training studies demonstrated that regardless of the cognitive task type on which participants were tested, CFT participants showed a significantly greater improvement than control participants.Although, to date, the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive improvements associated with cardiovascular fitness in aging adults have not been well studied in human populations, data collected from animal models suggests some possibilities. For example, aerobic train...

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) is known to improve cognitive and brain function, but debate continues regarding the consistency and magnitude of its effects, populations and cognitive domains most affected, and parameters necessary to achieve the greatest improvements (e.g., dose). Methods:In this umbrella review conducted in part for the 2018 Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee, we examined whether PA interventions enhance cognitive and brain outcomes across the lifespan, as well as in populations experiencing cognitive dysfunction (e.g., schizophrenia). Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses were used. We further examined whether engaging in greater amounts of PA is associated with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia in late adulthood.

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The findings lend support to the position that physical activity effects on QOL are in part mediated by intermediate psychological outcomes and that physical activity can have long-term effects on well-being.