In the current era and in experienced hands, pmVSD closure can be performed safely and successfully. The major concern is the occurrence of cAVB; therefore, very careful monitoring of rhythm is mandatory during follow-up.

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In our experience (the largest reported to the best of our knowledge), stenting of a coarctation/re-coarctation of the aorta represents a safe alternative treatment without a significant mid-long-term complication.

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Background: Recent advances in technology have provided the opportunity for off-line analysis of digital video-clips of two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic images.