1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 In this study, new examples of the presence of reindeer in the Cantabrian fringe of the Iberian peninsula are presented, all from the province of Biscay. The aim of this paper is to describe these new fossils, provide direct dates, and update current information on the presence and The new fossil material was measured using standard osteometric techniques. Measurements follow von den Driesch (1976), except for those of the teeth which follow van der Made (1989Made ( , 1996) (see Supplementary Information: part 2). These measurements are compared to other remains 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Iberian reindeer compared to that of the rest of Europe will be the subject of a separate study (Álvarez-Lao, unpublished data).Age-at-death based on dental attrition of the most complete mandibular remains was calculated using Bouchud (1966). A taphonomic analysis of all the new remains was performed using visual osteoscopic observations of the non-dental remains with a binocular lens (TVM) in order to look for anthropogenic modification, following Cáceres (2002) and San Pedro & Cáceres (2011). The Iberian reindeer record New and revised fossil remainsWe provide new evidence of reindeer from five sites in the province of Biscay (Basque Country, northern Spain) (Table 1 and Supplementary Information: Table S1). These new fossils come from both the excavation of new sites (e.g. Arlanpe) as well as from the revision of faunal material from sites in which the presence of the reindeer was previously both unknown (e.g. Bolinkoba) or known (Axlor, Lumentxa, Atxuri) (Figure 1). We also discuss some sites listed in Table 1 for which vague references to reindeer remains can be found in the literature. The description of material proceeds geographically based on the distance from the Pyrenees. From the taphonomic analysis of the remains found at these sites (see below) we can certify that there was human processing of reindeer carcasses at Lumentxa, Atxuri, Axlor and likely also at Arlanpe. From 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 At the beginning of this study, we revised the reindeer remains from this site curated at the Arkeologi Museoa (Bilbao) and were only able to find one complete metacarpal, two distal metacarpals and five antler fragments, two of which could be refitted together (in fact they had the same label). The revision of faunal remains from the J.M. Barandiarán collection has yielded 19 new fossils: mostly dental...

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