SummaryBroadening the genetic base of crops is crucial for developing varieties to respond to global agricultural challenges such as climate change. Here, we analysed a diverse panel of 371 domesticated lines of the model crop barley to explore the genetics of crop adaptation. We first collected exome sequence data and phenotypes of key life history traits from contrasting multi‐environment common garden trials. Then we applied refined statistical methods, including some based on exomic haplotype states, for genotype‐by‐environment (G×E) modelling. Sub‐populations defined from exomic profiles were coincident with barley's biology, geography and history, and explained a high proportion of trial phenotypic variance. Clear G×E interactions indicated adaptation profiles that varied for landraces and cultivars. Exploration of circadian clock‐related genes, associated with the environmentally adaptive days to heading trait (crucial for the crop's spread from the Fertile Crescent), illustrated complexities in G×E effect directions, and the importance of latitudinally based genic context in the expression of large‐effect alleles. Our analysis supports a gene‐level scientific understanding of crop adaption and leads to practical opportunities for crop improvement, allowing the prioritisation of genomic regions and particular sets of lines for breeding efforts seeking to cope with climate change and other stresses.

Development of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) synthetics started at CIMMYT-Mexico in 2004, when winter durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) germplasm from Ukraine and Romania was crossed with Aegilops tauschii accessions from the Caspian Sea region. Chromosomes were doubled after pollination and embryo rescue, but chromosome number and cytological validation was not performed. F2 populations were grown in Mexico and were shipped to Turkey in 2008. During 2009–2015, these populations were subjected to rigorous pedigree selection under dry, cold, disease-affected environments of the Central Anatolian Plateau. The wide segregation and partial sterility observed in 2009 gradually decreased and, by 2016, most of the F8 single spike progenies demonstrated good fertility and agronomic performance. Since 2013, lines have been selected from synthetic populations and evaluated at multiple sites. Superior lines were characterized for resistance to leaf, stripe and stem rust, plant height, and reaction to common bunt and soil-borne pathogens. Thousand kernel weight of many lines exceeded 50 g, compared with the check varieties that barely reached 40 g. Threshability of synthetic lines varied from 0 to 95%, demonstrating genetic variation for this important domestication trait. Screening against Hessian fly, sunny pest and Russian wheat aphid identified several resistant genotypes. Both durum and Aegilops parents affected synthetic wheat traits. Several studies are underway to reveal the genetic diversity of synthetic lines and the basis of resistance to diseases and insects. This synthetic germplasm represents a new winter bread wheat parental pool. It is available upon request to interested breeding/research programmes.

No abstract

İnsan beslenmesindeki en temel besinlerin (unlu mamuller, makarna, irmik, bisküvi, bulgur) hammaddesi olması sebebiyle buğday diğer tarımsal

2009-2010, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2012-2013 growing season under irrigated conditions in Konya location. Grain yield, thousand grain weight, protein content, dry gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, hardness, alveograph, mixograph, bread volume and bread weight were investigated. Average values in the experiment; yield 522 kg / ha, thousand grain weight 34.9 g, protein content 13.1%, dry gluten rate 11.1%, Zeleny sedimentation 39.4 ml, hardness (PSI) 47.1, alveograph energy value 243.05 kjoul * 10, alveograph P/L ratio 0.8, mixograph development time (MGS) 3.0 min., mixograph peak height (MPY) 65.1%, mixsograph total area (MTAL) 350.8 (tq % * min), mixograph softening value (MYUM) 19.2 % / min., bread volume (EHACM) 463.3 cm 3 , bread weight (EAGR) 138.6 g. was determined. studied genotypes were determined to have the quality characteristics demanded by industrialists and bakers.