The monitoring of lopinavir/rironavir-based HAART efficacy should include the number of baseline lopinavir/ritonavir mutations, intracellular and plasma lopinavir Cmin and GIQ calculation.

A target piperacillin serum concentration of at least 35-40 mg/L is probably required to provide alveolar concentrations exceeding the susceptibility breakpoint for gram-negative bacteria (16 mg/L) during ventilator-associated pneumonia. In patients with no/mild renal failure, a continuous daily dose of piperacillin/tazobactam 16/2 g allows reaching this target concentration, which might be not observed with 12/1.5 g/day. In patients with moderate/advanced renal failure, both dosages achieve serum concentrations far above the 35-40 mg/L threshold, suggesting that in that case, therapeutic drug monitoring should be performed in order to adjust the daily dose.