Discontinuing amoxicillin treatment after three days is not inferior to discontinuing it after eight days in adults admitted to hospital with mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia who substantially improved after an initial three days' treatment.

Amongst patients with adult-onset asthma, three subphenotypes can be identified with distinct clinical and inflammatory characteristics. These subphenotypes help to understand the underlying pathobiology and provide clinicians with directions for personalized management.

Eosinophilic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predictive for responses to inhaled steroids. We hypothesised that the inflammatory subtype in mild and moderate COPD can be assessed by exhaled breath metabolomics.Exhaled compounds were analysed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electronic nose (eNose) in 28 COPD patients (12/16 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I/II, respectively). Differential cell counts, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in induced sputum. Relationships between exhaled compounds, eNose breathprints and sputum inflammatory markers were analysed and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed.Exhaled compounds were highly associated with sputum cell counts (eight compounds with eosinophils, 17 with neutrophils; p,0.01). Only one compound (alkylated benzene) overlapped between eosinophilic and neutrophilic profiles. GC-MS and eNose breathprints were associated with markers of inflammatory activity in GOLD stage I (ECP: 19 compounds, p,0.01; eNose breathprint r50.84, p50.002) (MPO: four compounds, p,0.01; eNose r50.72, p50.008). ROC analysis for eNose showed high sensitivity and specificity for inflammatory activity in mild COPD (ECP: area under the curve (AUC) 1.00; MPO: AUC 0.96) but not for moderate COPD.Exhaled molecular profiles are closely associated with the type of inflammatory cell and their activation status in mild and moderate COPD. This suggests that breath analysis may be used for assessment and monitoring of airway inflammation in COPD.

Although median survival after LM-diagnosis in EGFR-mutated NSCLC-patients was poor, a substantial part of the patients had a prolonged survival of more than 6 months. PS of 0-1 at time of diagnosis of LM was associated with prolonged survival. No other patient- or treatment-related characteristics were identified. Further research is warranted to identify treatment strategies that improve survival in EGFR+ NSCLC-patients with LM.

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