This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.

In Arabidopsis, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is synthesized by a multigenic family of MGDG synthases consisting of two types of enzymes differing in their N-terminal portion: type A (atMGD1) and type B (atMGD2 and atMGD3). The present paper compares type B isoforms with the enzymes of type A that are known to sit in the inner membrane of plastid envelope. The occurrence of types A and B in 16:3 and 18:3 plants shows that both types are not specialized isoforms for the prokaryotic and eukaryotic glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways. Type A atMGD1 gene is abundantly expressed in green tissues and along plant development and encodes the most active enzyme. Its mature polypeptide is immunodetected in the envelope of chloroplasts from Arabidopsis leaves after cleavage of its transit peptide. atMGD1 is therefore likely devoted to the massive production of MGDG required to expand the inner envelope membrane and build up the thylakoids network. Transient expression of green fluorescent protein fusions in Arabidopsis leaves and in vitro import experiments show that type B precursors are targeted to plastids, owing to a different mechanism. Noncanonical addressing peptides, whose processing could not be assessed, are involved in the targeting of type B precursors, possibly to the outer envelope membrane where they might contribute to membrane expansion. Expression of type B enzymes was higher in nongreen tissues, i.e., in inflorescence (atMGD2) and roots (atMGD3), where they conceivably influence the eukaryotic structure prominence in MGDG. In addition, their expression of type B enzymes is enhanced under phosphate deprivation.G alactolipids are a major class of higher plant glycerolipids because they are unique to plastid membranes from which they represent up to 80% of the total lipids (1). They contain one or two galactose molecules attached to the sn-3 position of a glycerol backbone, respectively monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). In 16:3 plants, § two distinct pathways lead to the prokaryotic and eukaryotic sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) molecules, the substrates used to generate MGDG (1). The last step for MGDG biosynthesis is catalyzed by a UDP-galactose:sn-1,2-DAG 3-␤-galactosyltransferase or MGDG synthase activity.MGDG synthase activity was localized in the inner envelope membrane in spinach (a 16:3 plant) (3), whereas it was detected in the outer envelope membrane from pea (a 18:3 plant) (4). Further investigations in MGDG synthase localization were obviously limited by the lack of characterized polypeptides associated with the galactosylation activity. MGDG synthase encoding cDNAs were cloned in cucumber (5) and spinach (6).The encoded enzyme from spinach (soMGD1) could synthesize both prokaryotic and eukaryotic MGDG molecular species, and its processed form was imported in chloroplasts and immunodetected in the inner envelope membrane (6).In Arabidopsis, at least two classes of MGDG synthase homologues can be distinguished according to the length of the N-terminal por...