The purpose of this study of dementia screening was to obtain different cutoff scores of the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument, Chinese versions (CASI C-2.0) for subjects with different educational backgrounds. The diagnosis of dementia was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3 revised or ed 4 criteria. To diagnose Alzheimer’s disease, the guidelines of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association was followed. The severity of dementia was determined on the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Altogether 2,096 subjects, aged 65 years and more, were included. Of them, 1,178 were normal and 918 were demented. Their performance on CASI C-2.0 was influenced by their education and age. Gender difference on CASI C-2.0 scores was only significant in the illiterate, but not in the literate group. We recommend that the population be divided into three levels, namely those who (1) had no formal education (Edu = 0); (2) received 1–5 years of schooling (Edu = 1–5), and (3) received 6 or more years of education (Edu ≧6). The cutoff scores of CASI C-2.0 in the diagnosis of dementia in these three educational groups were as follows: Edu = 0: 49/50 (sensitivity = 0.83; specificity = 0.85); Edu = 1–5: 67/68 (sensitivity = 0.83; specificity = 0.91), and Edu ≧6: 79/80 (sensitivity = 0.89; specificity = 0.90).

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations associated with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) usually lead to increases in amyloid β-protein (Aβ) levels or aggregation. Here, we identified a novel APP mutation, located within the Aβ sequence (AβD7H), in a Taiwanese family with early onset AD and explored the pathogenicity of this mutation. Cellular and biochemical analysis reveal that this mutation increased Aβ production, Aβ42/40 ratio and prolonged Aβ42 oligomer state with higher neurotoxicity. Because the D7H mutant Aβ has an additional metal ion-coordinating residue, histidine, we speculate that this mutation may promote susceptibility of Aβ to ion. When co-incubated with Zn2+ or Cu2+, AβD7H aggregated into low molecular weight oligomers. Together, the D7H mutation could contribute to AD pathology through a “double punch” effect on elevating both Aβ production and oligomerization. Although the pathogenic nature of this mutation needs further confirmation, our findings suggest that the Aβ N-terminal region potentially modulates APP processing and Aβ aggregation, and further provides a genetic indication of the importance of Zn2+ and Cu2+ in the etiology of AD.

Trained nurses in institutions can schedule the standardized or individualized intervention in usual activity time to ameliorate eating difficulty and its sequels.

SMC was associated with poorer objective memory performance even after controlling the effect of depression and demographic data, but SMC did not predict faster cognitive decline or dementia over 3 years.

The prevalence rates of PD in Kinmen were much higher than those reported from mainland China, but slightly lower than those reported from more developed countries. The present findings suggest that, instead of genetic factors, differences in case-ascertainment, life expectancy, and the length of survival with PD may be more important contributors to the variations in observed PD prevalence rates.