Resilience is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of natural disaster systems. This article presents the origin of resilience and provides an overview of its development to date, which draws on the wide literature on ecological science, social science, social-environmental system and natural hazards. From a geographic perspective, the model of disaster resilience of ''Loss-Response'' of Location (DRLRL) was created and disaster resilience was defined from three dimensional mode, which focused on the spatial, temporal scale of resilience and attributes of hazard-affected bodies. A geographic approach was put forward to measure the disaster resilience, including two properties of inherent resilience and adaptive resilience and a case study was implemented in order to validate this approach. This perspective would offer greater potential in application of resilience concept, especially in the process of integrated risk management and disaster recovery.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes A and D are prevalent in many parts of the world and show overlapping geographic distributions. We amplified the entire HBV genome from sera of patients with genotypes A and D and generated overlength constructs for transient transfection into Huh7 or HepG2 cells. Genotype D clones were associated with less HBsAg in culture supernatant and even less intracellular HBsAg. They produced less 2.1-kb RNA due to a weaker SPII promoter. Chimeric promoter constructs identified three divergent positions as most critical, and their exchange reversed extracellular HBsAg phenotype. The S protein of genotype D was more efficient at secretion, while its L protein possessed greater inhibitory effect. Swapping the S gene diminished genotypic difference in intracellular S protein but widened the difference in secreted HBsAg. In conclusion, HBV genotypes A and D differ in S protein expression, secretion and modulation by L protein.

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