The orphan receptor, bombesin (Bn) receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3), shares high homology with bombesin receptors (neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R)). This receptor is widely distributed in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract; target disruption leads to obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, however, its role in physiological and pathological processes remain unknown due to lack of selective ligands or identification of its natural ligand. We have recently discovered (Mantey, S. A., Weber, H. C., Sainz, E., Akeson, M., Ryan, R. R. Pradhan, T. K., Searles, R. P., Spindel, E. R., Battey, J. The 399-amino acid orphan receptor, bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3), 1 shares 51 and 47% amino acid sequence homology with the mammalian bombesin (Bn) receptors (gastrinreleasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) and the neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R), respectively) (1, 2). Studies of the distribution of this orphan receptor show that the BRS-3 receptor is present in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues although the distribution is more limited than the GRP-R and NMB-R (3-6). The BRS-3 receptor has been found on such diverse structures as secondary spermatocytes, pregnant uterus, a number of brain regions, and some human lung, breast, and epidermal cancer cell lines (1, 2)The role of BRS-3 in physiological or pathological processes is unknown even though BRS-3-deficient mice, produced by targeted disruption, develop obesity, diabetes, and hypertension (7). These results (7) suggest that the BRS-3 receptor may be required for the regulation of glucose metabolism, energy balance, and maintenance of blood pressure. This proposition is yet to be confirmed because the natural ligand of the BRS-3 receptor is still unknown. Results from previous studies (8 -10) have demonstrated that the hBRS-3 receptor has a unique pharmacology compared with that of any of the closely related Bn receptor family.
Laboratory dogs were vaccinated subcutaneously with 3 different recombinant fusion proteins, each precipitated with alum or calcium phosphate. The vaccinated dogs were then challenged orally with 400 third-stage infective larvae (L3) of the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum. The 3 A. caninum antigens selected were Ac-TMP, an adult-specific secreted tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases; Ac-AP, an adult-specific secreted factor Xa serine protease inhibitor anticoagulant; and Ac-ARR-1, a cathepsin D-like aspartic protease. Each of the 3 groups comprised 6 male beagles (8 +/- 1 wk of age). A fourth group comprised control dogs injected with alum. All of the dogs vaccinated with Ac-TMP or Ac-APR-1 exhibited a vigorous antigen-specific antibody response, whereas only a single dog vaccinated with Ac-AP developed an antibody response. Dogs with circulating antibody responses exhibited 4.5-18% reduction in the numbers of adult hookworms recovered from the small intestines at necropsy, relative to alum-injected dogs. In contrast, there was a concomitant increase in the number of adult hookworms recovered from the colon. The increase in colonic hookworms was as high as 500%, relative to alum-injected dogs. Female adult hookworms were more likely to migrate into the colon than were males. Anti-enzyme and anti-enzyme inhibitor antibodies correlated with an alteration in adult hookworm habitat selection in the canine gastroinntestinal tract.
Background: Limited data exist regarding diabetes technology use among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in urban racially/ethnically diverse safety-net hospitals. We examined racial/ethnic differences in the use of continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in this setting. Methods: A retrospective review of 227 patients ≥ 18 years of age with T1D seen in an urban, safety-net endocrinology clinic during 2016-2017 was completed (mean age: 39; 80% English-speaking; 50% had public insurance). Diabetes technology use, defined as either CGM or CSII or both CGM and CSII, and clinical outcomes were examined by race/ethnicity. Results: Overall, 30% used CGM and 26% used CSII. After adjusting for age, language, insurance, and annual income, diabetes technology use in non-White patients was significantly lower than in White patients, predominantly lower in Black (aOR 0.25 [95% CI 0.11-0.56]) and patients identified as other race/ethnicity (aOR 0.30 [95% CI 0.11-0.77]). At the highest household income level (≥$75,000/y), Black and Hispanic individuals were significantly less likely than White individuals to use diabetes technology ( P < .0007). Mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was lower in patients using any diabetes technology compared with patients using no technology ( P < .0001). Use of CGM and CSII together was associated with the lowest HbA1c across all racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions: Racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes technology use and glycemic control were observed even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Further research should explore barriers to accessing diabetes technology in non-White populations.
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