No abstract

Future tonne-scale liquefied noble gas detectors depend on efficient light detection in the VUV range. In the past years Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as a valid alternative to standard photomultiplier tubes or large area avalanche photodiodes. The next generation double beta decay experiment, nEXO, with a 5 tonne liquid xenon time projection chamber, will use SiPMs for detecting the 175 nm xenon scintillation light, in order to achieve an energy resolution of σ/Qββ = 1 %. This paper presents recent measurements of the VUV-HD generation SiPMs from Fondazione Bruno Kessler in two complementary setups. It includes measurements of the photon detection efficiency with gaseous xenon scintillation light in a vacuum setup and dark measurements in a dry nitrogen gas setup. We report improved photon detection efficiency at 175 nm compared to previous generation devices, that would meet the criteria of nEXO. Furthermore, we present the projected nEXO detector light collection and energy resolution that could be achieved by using these SiPMs. Index Terms-silicon photomultiplier, xenon detectors, photo detectors, vacuum ultra-violet light, nEXO I. NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY AND NEXO N eutrino-less double beta decay (0νββ) is a hypothetical nuclear decay where two neutrons decay into two protons and two electrons are emitted but no anti-neutrinos are present in the final state. The observation of this process would have a fundamental impact on the Standard Model of Particle Physics, specifically showing a violation of lepton number conservation (|∆L| = 2), and would imply that the neutrino is a Majorana fermion [1], independently of the actual process enabling the decay [2]. Furthermore, the half-life of the decay would shed light on the absolute neutrino mass scale [3]. The nEXO collaboration plans to build a cylindrical singlephase time projection chamber (TPC) filled with 5 tonnes of liquid xenon (LXe), with 90 % enrichment in 136 Xe [4]. nEXO takes advantage of the experience from its predecessor EXO-200 [5], but will incorporate new light and charge detectors [6]. Together with cold electronics sitting inside the LXe, this allows nEXO to achieve an energy resolution of σ/Q ββ = 1 % for the 0νββ decay of 136 Xe (2458.07 ± 0.31 keV [7], [8]).In particular, instead of the EXO-200 Large Area Avalanche Photo-diodes (LAAPDs), nEXO will use Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) for the detection of xenon scintillation light. The SiPMs will fully cover the lateral surface of the cylinder with a total photo-sensitive area of about 4 m 2 , as shown in Figure 1. The devices will be immersed in LXe and placed in the high field region behind the field shaping rings of the TPC field cage [9]. The performance of SiPMs has improved significantly over the past decade and they are especially interesting because of their high gain, on the order of 10 6 , and their single photon resolution capability.The half-life sensitivity of nEXO to the 0νββ decay of 136 Xe is projected to be 9.5 × 10 27 yr for 90 % C.L. after 10 years o...

No abstract

The nEXO neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay experiment is designed to use a time projection chamber and 5000 kg of isotopically enriched liquid xenon to search for the decay in 136Xe. Progress in the detector design, paired with higher fidelity in its simulation and an advanced data analysis, based on the one used for the final results of EXO-200, produce a sensitivity prediction that exceeds the half-life of 1028 years. Specifically, improvements have been made in the understanding of production of scintillation photons and charge as well as of their transport and reconstruction in the detector. The more detailed knowledge of the detector construction has been paired with more assays for trace radioactivity in different materials. In particular, the use of custom electroformed copper is now incorporated in the design, leading to a substantial reduction in backgrounds from the intrinsic radioactivity of detector materials. Furthermore, a number of assumptions from previous sensitivity projections have gained further support from interim work validating the nEXO experiment concept. Together these improvements and updates suggest that the nEXO experiment will reach a half-life sensitivity of 1.35 × 1028 yr at 90% confidence level in 10 years of data taking, covering the parameter space associated with the inverted neutrino mass ordering, along with a significant portion of the parameter space for the normal ordering scenario, for almost all nuclear matrix elements. The effects of backgrounds deviating from the nominal values used for the projections are also illustrated, concluding that the nEXO design is robust against a number of imperfections of the model.

We apply deep neural networks (DNN) to data from the EXO-200 experiment. In the studied cases, the DNN is able to reconstruct the relevant parameters—total energy and position—directly from raw digitized waveforms, with minimal exceptions. For the first time, the developed algorithms are evaluated on real detector calibration data. The accuracy of reconstruction either reaches or exceeds what was achieved by the conventional approaches developed by EXO-200 over the course of the experiment. Most existing DNN approaches to event reconstruction and classification in particle physics are trained on Monte Carlo simulated events. Such algorithms are inherently limited by the accuracy of the simulation. We describe a unique approach that, in an experiment such as EXO-200, allows to successfully perform certain reconstruction and analysis tasks by training the network on waveforms from experimental data, either reducing or eliminating the reliance on the Monte Carlo.