Recebido em 26/1/12; aceito em 13/7/12; publicado na web em 29/11/12 This study investigated the emission of N 2 O during the sequential aerated (60-min) and non-aerated (30-min) stages of an intermittent aeration cycle in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). N 2 O emission occurred during both stages; however, emission was much higher during aeration. Air stripping is the major factor controlling transfer of N 2 O from the sewage to the atmosphere. The N 2 O emissions exclusively from the aeration tank represented 0.10% of the influent total nitrogen load and the per capita emission factor was almost 3 times higher than that suggested by the IPCC for inventories of N 2 O emission from WWTPs.
Despite interest in characterizing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in several parts of the globe, there are few studies in tropical zones. This study focus on the contribution of the scientific knowledge of anthropogenic nitrogen greenhouse gas emissions to climate change in tropical countries, investigating factors controlling N2O emissions in a non-biological nitrogen removal municipal WWTP. In terms of operational parameters, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations displayed a biphasic impact on N2O production and emission, with the highest emission at DO of 2.0 mg O2 L(-1). The low solids retention time of 3 days also played a significant role, leading to nitrite accumulation, which is an important trigger for N2O production during nitrification. Furthermore, other factor especially important for tropical countries, namely, temperature, also had a positive correlation with N2O production. Emission factors estimated for this study were 0.12 (0.02-0.31)% of the influent total nitrogen load and 8.1 (3-17) g N2O person(-1) year(-1), 2.5 times higher than currently proposed emission factors. Therefore, the highly variability and dependence on operational parameters reinforce the use of a single emission factor is inadequate, especially for developing countries with limited or variable extent of biological wastewater treatment and in regions of the world with widely varying climate patterns.
Recebido em 26/10/12; aceito em 24/3/13; publicado na web em 14/5/13 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE AERATION TANK OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WITH CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions were measured monthly from January to June 2010 in the aeration tank of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Southeast Brazil. Emissions were lower in summer than winter and were positively related with influent ammonium (NH 4 + ) concentration. The average N 2 O emission was 1.11 kg N day -1 corresponding to 0.02% of the influent total nitrogen load. The average emission factor calculated for the population served was 2.5 lower than that proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for inventories of N 2 O emissions from WWTPs with controlled nitrification and denitrification processes.Keywords: nitrous oxide; wastewater treatment plant; activated sludge. INTRODUÇÃOO óxido nitroso (N 2 O) possui grande importância ambiental em função do papel que desempenha na química e física da atmosfera. Na troposfera, é um dos principais gases do efeito estufa e possui potencial de aquecimento 300 e 15 vezes superior ao do dióxido de carbono (CO 2 ) e metano (CH 4 ), respectivamente. 1 O principal sumidouro do N 2 O é na estratosfera, onde uma parcela equivalente a 5% dele é convertida a óxido nítrico (NO) através das reações com átomos de oxigênio excitado. 2 O NO é um dos principais gases responsáveis pelo consumo do ozônio (O 3 ) estratosférico, 3 e o N 2 O se tornará a principal substância emitida por atividades humanas que mais danos causará a camada de O 3 ao longo do século XXI. 4 Nos últimos 30 anos, as concentrações de N 2 O na atmosfera superficial vêm crescendo linearmente na ordem de 0,25% ao ano. 5 Em 2006, cerca de 45% do total global de N 2 O emitido para a atmosfera foi originado de fontes antrópicas, sendo a agricultura responsável por aproximadamente 2/3 do total dessas emissões. 6 Atualmente sua concentração atmosférica é aproximadamente 325 ppb, 7 o que representa um aumento de 20% se comparado ao período pré-industrial. 5,8 Outra fonte antrópica deste gás são os processos de tratamento de esgotos, cuja contribuição é quantitativamente considerada de menor relevância. 9,10 Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a real contribuição dessas emissões em virtude da grande variabilidade observada nos fatores de emissão, balizados na carga de nitrogênio total (NT) afluente, disponíveis na literatura oriundos de estudos realizados tanto em escala real (0-25%) 11,12 quanto laboratorial (0-95%). 12 Para 10 Basicamente, a produção de N 2 O em sistemas de tratamento de esgotos está associada aos processos microbiológicos de nitrificação e desnitrificação que ocorrem em ambientes naturais. 11,14 No entanto, os mecanismos que conduzem à formação do N 2 O são ainda amplamente discutidos na literatura e oriundos de estudos realizados em sua maioria em escala laboratorial. 12,[15][16][17] No caso de ETEs com sistemas de lodos ativados, apesar de, em escala real, ainda não haver um comp...
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