\s=b\ Objective.\p=m-\Todevelop quantitative methods for identifying cerebral anomalies on magnetic resonance images of subjects with language disorders and other learning disabilities. Design.\p=m-\Partially blinded comparison of subjects with dyslexia, unaffected relatives, and a control group balanced for age and socioeconomic status. Criterion standard: clinical diagnosis of dyslexia by physician or learning disabilities specialist on the basis of clinical assessment and family history.Settings.\p=m-\Hospitalpediatric neurology clinic and private reading clinic.Patients and Other Participants.\p=m-\Volunteers: individuals with dyslexia (seven male and two female, aged 15 to 65 years) from professional families; unaffected first-and second\x=req-\ degree relatives (four male and six female, aged 6 to 63 years) available in the geographical area; and controls (five male and seven female, aged 14 to 52 years).Interventions.\p=m-\Gradient echo three-dimensional scan in Seimens 1-Tesla Magnetom; 128 1.25-mm consecutive sagittal images.Main Outcome Measures.\p=m-\(1) Average length of the tem-poral (T) and parietal (P) banks of the planum temporale;(2) interhemispheric coefficients of asymmetry for T and P banks: Left-Right interhemispheric coefficients of asymmetry= (L-R)/[(L+R)/2];(3) intrahemispheric coefficients of asym-metry=(T-P)/[(T+P)/2]; and (4) qualitative assessment of gyral variants in the parietotemporal operculum.Results.\p=m-\All groups had left-sided asymmetry for the temporal bank and right-sided asymmetry for the parietal bank.The group with dyslexia had exaggerated asymmetries, owing to a significant shift of right planar tissue from the temporal to parietal bank. They also had a higher incidence of cerebral anomalies bilaterally (subjects with dyslexia, six of nine; relatives, two of 10; and controls, zero of 12).Conclusions.\p=m-\Quantitative assessment of high-resolution magnetic resonance images can reveal functionally relevant variations and anomalies in cerebral structure. Further refinement of these measurement techniques should improve the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of language disorders and other learning disabilities.Early investigators believed that neuroanatomical cor-

Recent improvements in magnetic resonance imaging techniques now allow the developing brain to be visualized in sufficient detail to perform "in vivo neuropathology." In this study we compared the cortical morphology in six children with Angelman and four with Prader-Willi syndrome. These two syndromes are of special interest because, although they are both caused by deletions in the same region of chromosome 15, Angelman children are far more severely affected, and do not speak. We measured the length of the banks of the Sylvian fissure in a gapless series of thin sagittal images. Angelman children had a significantly larger proportion (75%) of anomalous fissures than the Prader-Willi children (12%). Anomalous cortical growth could result from mistimed expression and recognition of macromolecules involved in axonal guidance, target recognition, and pruning. We hypothesize that misrouting of long projection axons may be related to the Sylvian fissure anomalies and the language disorder in Angelman syndrome.

This paper introduces a novel approach for accomplishing mammograp/zic feature analysis through overcomplete inultiresolution representations. We show that efficient representations may be identifiedfrom digital mammograms within a continuum of scale space and used to enhance features of importance to mammography. Choosing analyzing functions that are well localized in both space andfrequency, results in a powetful methodologyfor image analysis. We describe methods of contrast enhancement based on two overcomplete (redundant) multiscale representations : (1) Dyadic wavelet transform (2) q-transform. Mammograms are reconstructedfrom transform coefficients moc4fled at one or more levels by nonlinear, logarithmic and constant scale-space weightfunctions. Multiscale edges identified within distinct levels of transform space provide a local supportfor enhancement throughout each decomposition. In addition, transform coefficients are modified by histogram specification within distinct level of transform space. We demonstrate that features extracted from wavelet spaces can provide an adaptive mechanism for accomplishing local contrast enhancement. We suggest that multiscale detection and local enhancement of singularities may be effectively employed for the visualization of breast pathology without excessive noise amplification. By improving the visualization of breast pathology we can improve chances of early detection (improve quality) while requiring less time to evaluate mammograms for most patients (low costs).

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