Aims and objectives To assess the effects of breathing exercises on postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), pulmonary function, 6‐min walk distance (6MWD) and the length of hospital stay (LOS) in lung cancer patients undergoing lung surgery. Background Lung cancer patients undergoing lung resection have poor pulmonary function and multiple PPCs. Breathing exercises may improve these symptoms. Design Systematic literature review and meta‐analysis were conducted. Methods All entries to the following databases were searched up until 20 December 2017: PubMed, EMBASE Ovid, the Cochrane Central Register of Randomized Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Wanfang, Weipu and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the analysis. Results A total of sixteen articles including nine articles in Chinese language and seven articles in English met the inclusion criteria. Breathing exercises decreased PPCs, and in addition, the incidence of pneumonia and atelectasis in the postoperative subgroup was reduced. Predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (predicted FEV1%), predicted forced vital capacity (predicted FVC%), FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio had improved after breathing exercises, but the changes in FEV1 were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the LOS was significantly decreased, but no improvements were found in 6MWD. Conclusions The results showed that breathing exercises could improve lung function, decrease the incidence of PPCs and LOS in a sample of lung cancer patients undergoing pulmonary surgery. Relevance to clinical practice The analysis suggests that breathing exercises should be considered as a respiratory rehabilitation programme for lung cancer patients undergoing lung surgery in clinical practice.

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Objective This review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of active video games as an adjunct to pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Design All entries to the following databases were searched up until April 3, 2019: PubMed, Embase Ovid, the Cochrane Central Register of Randomized Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Wanfang, Weipu, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Results A total of seven articles (three randomized controlled trials and four quasi-experimental studies) with 249 patients were included. Active video games can increase the 6-min walk distance by 30.9 meters on average. Four studies assessed quality of life and showed significant improvement. Four studies have reported that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease found active video games to be enjoyable. Patient adherence was assessed in two studies and showed high adherence with active video games. No adverse events related to active video games were reported. Conclusions The review demonstrated that active video games as an adjunct to pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may prove to be useful and enjoyable. Additional studies should explore the differences between different types of active video games in order to create more effective game interventions for pulmonary rehabilitation.