Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the impact of unrealistic optimism on the risk of contamination at home con nement and its association with certain social variables. Methods: This survey study was conducted to describe the level of unrealistic optimism and its association with some social variables. The participants (n = 558, 60.6% females and 39.4 males) subjectively evaluated the risk of their coronavirus infection in the period 1-15 May 2020, for this purpose a questionnaire was adopted and administered to a sample of 558 citizens. Results: the results showed that 69.2% of the participants con rmed their respect always, and 38.7% con rmed that they rarely wear the mask, while 24% of the sample con rmed that they only sometimes wear the mask when they leave the house, including 50.5% of the sample con rmed that people infected with the coronavirus suffer from social stigmatization. It is found that 54.8% of the respondents had an average level of unrealistic optimism, where the mean of participants was (36, 17 ± 5, 97). The study also revealed that there is an association between the levels of unrealistic optimism and respect the home con nement (P = 0.001); whereas, the results showed that there is no association between the levels of unrealistic optimism and wearing the mask (P = 0.183). The study discovered there is signi cantly a negative association (B =-, 119, P = 0.005) between unrealistic optimism and the age of Algerian citizens during the home con nement of coronavirus. Otherwise, while the results did not show any statistically signi cant differences in unrealistic optimism between groups of gender among Algerian citizens during the home con nement of coronavirus (P = 0, 0835). Conclusions: In effect, unrealistic optimism is linked to avoiding risky behaviors that threaten human life as it is the case with the coronavirus. Therefore, it is important to reduce the levels of unrealistic optimism of individuals with beliefs and objective information to avoid dangerous behavior during and after the con nement period.

IMPORTANCE People exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a series of imperative containment measures could be psychologically stressed, yet the burden of and factors associated with mental health symptoms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with mental health symptoms in the general population in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This large-sample, cross-sectional, population-based, online survey study was conducted from February 28, 2020, to March 11, 2020. It involved all 34 province-level regions in China and included participants aged 18 years and older. Data analysis was performed from March to May 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and acute stress among the general population in China during the COVID-19 pandemic was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Insomnia Severity Index, and Acute Stress Disorder Scale. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore demographic and COVID-19-related risk factors. RESULTS Of 71 227 individuals who clicked on the survey link, 56 932 submitted the questionnaires, for a participation rate of 79.9%. After excluding the invalid questionnaires, 56 679 participants (mean [SD] age, 35.97 [8.22] years; 27 149 men [47.9%]) were included in the study; 39 468 respondents (69.6%) were aged 18 to 39 years. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rates of mental Author affiliations and article information are listed at the end of this article.

Drug use and relapse involve learned associations between drug-associated environmental cues and drug effects. Extinction procedures in the clinic can suppress conditioned responses to drug cues, but the extinguished responses typically reemerge after exposure to the drug itself (reinstatement), the drug-associated environment (renewal), or the passage of time (spontaneous recovery). We describe a memory retrieval-extinction procedure that decreases conditioned drug effects and drug seeking in rat models of relapse, and drug craving in abstinent heroin addicts. In rats, daily retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes or 1 hour but not 6 hours before extinction sessions attenuated drug-induced reinstatement, spontaneous recovery, and renewal of conditioned drug effects and drug seeking. In heroin addicts, retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes before extinction sessions attenuated cue-induced heroin craving 1, 30, and 180 days later. The memory retrieval-extinction procedure is a promising nonpharmacological method for decreasing drug craving and relapse during abstinence.