Platinum nanoparticles with a diameter of 2-3 nm were prepared and used in combination with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for fabricating electrochemical sensors with remarkably improved sensitivity toward hydrogen peroxide. Nafion, a perfluorosulfonated polymer, was used to solubilize SWCNTs and also displayed strong interactions with Pt nanoparticles to form a network that connected Pt nanoparticles to the electrode surface. TEM and AFM micrographs illustrated the deposition of Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes whereas cyclic voltammetry confirmed an electrical contact through SWCNTs between Pt nanoparticles and the glassy carbon (GC) or carbon fiber backing. With glucose oxidase (GOx) as an enzyme model, we constructed a GC or carbon fiber microelectrode-based biosensor that responds even more sensitively to glucose than the GC/GOx electrode modified by Pt nanoparticles or CNTs alone. The response time and detection limit (S/N = 3) of this biosensor was determined to be 3 s and 0.5 microM, respectively.

The work reported here describes interactions between nanoscale Au colloids and two main types of organic functional groups, viz., alkanethiols and amino acids. The surface chemistry of particulate Au is dominated by electrodynamic factors related to its (negative) surface charge. Generalized multiparticle Mie calculations were used to model the optical absorption characteristics of Au particles, existing either singly or in varying degrees of aggregation. Experiments with standard (monodisperse) Au colloids confirm the theoretical prediction of a new peak appearing at longer wavelength that intensifies and shifts further from the original peak with increasing particle size, increasing aggregate size, or shorter interparticle spacing. Control of aggregation degree in alkanethiols is achieved by judicious selection of terminal group composition (single-or doubleended), alkyl chain length, and the presence of pH sensitive groups such as carboxylates. In amino acids, the reactivity of the R-amine (adjacent to -COOH) is found to be pH-dependent. Linking via the R-amine is activated at low pH but suppressed at intermediate and high pH due to electrostatic repulsive forces between the Au surface and the charged carboxylate group or even the (formally neutral) polar carbonyl group in amides. However, dibasic amino acids can still be used to cross-link Au colloids at high pH. The pH insensitive (remote) amine binds amino acids to each particle, leaving protruding pairs of R-amines that can be bridged by a symmetrical linker molecule like glutaraldehyde (via its electrophilic centers). This offers a new way to organize Au nanoparticles into extended architectures and functional materials over a wide range of pH. The potential of Au colloids to recognize and determine dibasic amino acids based on optical absorption changes is briefly assessed. A higher detection limit for cysteine (1.2 µg/mL) was found for larger (40 nm) Au particles.