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Abstract. There is a trend to start dialysis earlier in patients with chronic renal failure. Studies that suggest improved survival from earlier initiation of dialysis are flawed in that they have measured survival from start of dialysis rather than from a time point before dialysis, when patients have the same renal function. This flaw is termed lead-time bias. Using the electronic patient record at the renal unit of Glasgow Royal Infirmary, all patients were identified who had received dialysis for chronic renal failure and who had sufficient data to calculate the time point at which they reached an estimated creatinine clearance (eC Cr ) of 20 ml/min (n ϭ 275). This date was used to time survival. The patients were divided into early and late start groups by the median eC Cr for all patients at initiation of dialysis, which was 8.3 ml/min. There was no significant benefit in patient survival from earlier initiation of dialysis. A Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between eC Cr at start of dialysis and survival (hazard ratio, 1

In November 2017, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) initiative brought a diverse panel of experts in glomerular diseases together to discuss the 2012 KDIGO glomerulonephritis guideline in the context of new developments and insights that had occurred over the years since its publication. During this KDIGO Controversies Conference on Glomerular Diseases, the group examined data on disease pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatments to identify areas of consensus and areas of controversy. This report summarizes the discussions on primary podocytopathies, lupus nephritis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated nephritis, complementmediated kidney diseases, and monoclonal gammopathies of renal significance.

Chapter 2. Surgical and endovascular interventions for promoting arteriovenous fistula maturation 2.1. We suggest using regional block anaesthesia rather than local anaesthesia for arteriovenous fistula creation in adults with end-stage kidney disease. (2C) 2.2. We suggest there is insufficient evidence to support endof-vein to side-of-artery over side-of-vein to side-ofartery anastomosis for arteriovenous fistula creation in adults with end-stage kidney disease (2C) peri-and postoperative care of AV fistulas and grafts ii3

BackgroundBleeding is a recognized complication of native percutaneous renal biopsy. This study aimed to describe the incidence of major bleeding after biopsy in a single centre over a 15-year period and examine factors associated with major bleeding.MethodsWe identified consecutive adult patients undergoing ultrasound-guided native renal biopsy in the Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit from 2000 to 2014. From the electronic patient record, we collected data pertaining to biopsy indication, pre- and post-biopsy laboratory measurements, prescribed medication and diagnosis. Aspirin was routinely continued. We defined major bleeding post-biopsy as the need for blood transfusion, surgical or radiological intervention or death. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with increased risk of major bleeding.ResultsThere were 2563 patients who underwent native renal biopsy (1499 elective, 1064 emergency). The average age of patients was 57 (SD 17) years and 57.4% were male. Overall, the rate of major bleeding was 2.2%. In all, 46 patients required transfusion (1.8%), 9 patients underwent embolization (0.4%), no patient required nephrectomy and 1 patient died as a result of a significant late retroperitoneal bleed. Major bleeding was more common in those undergoing emergency compared with elective renal biopsy (3.4 versus 1.1%; P < 0.001). Aspirin was being taken at the time of biopsy in 327 of 1509 patients, with no significant increase in the risk of major bleeding (P = 0.93). Body mass index (BMI) data were available for 546 patients, with no increased risk of major bleeding in 207 patients classified as obese (BMI >30).ConclusionsThe risk of major bleeding following native renal biopsy in the modern era is low. Complications are more common when biopsy is conducted as an emergency, which has implications for obtaining informed consent. Our data support the strategy of not stopping aspirin before renal biopsy.