CR + SE appears to be a cost-effective option for people with mental illness who have low cognitive functioning when compared with TVS.

IPS can be implemented in Japan and yield better competitive employment outcomes than conventional vocational services. Adoption of the IPS model might have a dramatic impact on the mental health service system in Japan where psychiatric hospitals play a central role in mental health care.

The shared decision-making system appeared to partly improve patients' perceptions of communication and relationships with doctors but did not have a significant effect on other patient-level outcomes.