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In this paper, the morphologies of martensite and retained austenite for 1.5 mass%C-12 mass%Cr and 1 mass%C-8 mass%Cr steels were observed by means of optical microscopy, XRD, SEM/EBSD and TEM. The amount of retained austenites was quantitatively investigated and compared with XRD, EBSD and TEM observation methods. The retained austenites were distributed in the form of a block type and a film type in the martensite structures. For the 1.5 mass%C-12 mass%Cr steel, the amount of block type retained austenite and film type one are almost equal in three distinct regions of carbide; primary carbide, secondary carbide and without carbide. In the case of 1 mass%C-8 mass%Cr steel, as to film type retained austenite there are not so much differences among those regions. However, block type retained austenites are distributed with much amount, especially in the region around primary carbide.

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Negative Bias Temperature Instability of p-MOSFETs is investigated under various stress gate voltages and temperatures. It is shown that degradation tends to saturate and the dependence of lifetime on electric field (Eox) is expressed as a power-law of Eox. We propose new empirical and kinetic models. The Eox dependence of the lifetime described by the power-law is derived from our empirical model describing the saturation of degradation. Moreover, our kinetic model explains the saturation behavior.