A sound knowledge of the relative three dimensional (3D) approximations to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) to the root apices of the mandibular premolars and molars and their significance to gender and age is imperative for any dental procedure. Utilization of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has facilitated increased accuracy, higher resolution, and scan time and dose reduction. Literature reveals that various procedures in endodontics and oral surgery may lead to IAN injury, a rare but serious treatment complication. It can result from over instrumentation, periapical surgery and over filling by root canal obturation materials. Surgical endodontic procedures require a thorough knowledge of anatomic structures that might be traumatized. What better view than CBCT, where it gives a thorough knowledge about the 3D position of the IAN, allowing 3D reconstruction in true 1:1 anatomic representation. Majority of IAN injury cases reported were in relation to the mandibular second molars hence before undertaking procedures with potential damage to the IAN, it is essential to know the location of the IAN with respect to the surrounding structures to avoid injury or harm. A study was undertaken with an aim to assess the distance between the apical tips of the mesial roots of the first, second molars and second premolars to the superior border of the IAN. The findings of which could be used to prevent injuries to the inferior alveolar nerve.

Introduction: The study of forensic sciences often leaves the forensic expert to draw conclusions from any and every material available in determining the identity of the deceased. The initial step in identifying a person is to determine their gender based on their adult skeleton. The human skeleton displays sexual dimorphism, of which the skull is most dimorphic providing an accurateness of 92%. However, in certain situations where the skull may not be found intact, the mandible plays a vital role. The mandible's thick covering of compact bone helps keep it from exploding during a mass tragedy. Dimorphism in the mandible is gender specific and is mainly reflected in its shape and size. The mandible is also easily radiographed and specific linear measurements of the mandibular rami as seen on an OPG are useful indices for gender determination.  Aims: To examine the efficacy of mandibular rami measures such as maximum ramus breadth, maximum ramus height, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, coronoid height, mandibular body length and gonial angles on the right and left side of an OPG in determining gender. Materials and methods: 110 digital OPG’s (55 males, 55 females) of a Navi Mumbai population were obtained retrospectively from a reputed dental college and hospital. The OPG’s were taken using Xtropan 2000 OPG machine, 10x12 PSP plates, exposure parameters of 75 Kvp, 8 mas, 13 sec, and KODAK CR 7400 digitizer. Master View 3.0 software was used on the desktop computer to measure the mandibular ramus's width and thickness. Maximum ramus breadth, Maximum Ramus height and lowest ramus breadth of the mandibular rami, as well as the height of the condyle and the coronoid bone, and the length of the mandibular body and gonial angles on the right and left sides of the mouth, were all measured. Using a statistical formula, the measurements were substituted and gender was estimated. Result: We used the IBM SPSS v 21.0 statistical software for social sciences to do our statistical study. p0.05 was deemed statistically significant, with a 5% margin of error and a 20% margin of error, giving the study an 80 percent power. In the study group, 51 of the 55 men were expected to be males, while 49 of the 55 females were anticipated to be females, while 6 of the 55 females were predicted to be males. Conclusion: This research shows that the mandibular ramus is a useful tool for determining gender, and digital panoramic imaging yielded the best accurate linear measures. There was considerable sexual dimorphism in the mandibular ramus in the chosen Navi – Mumbai subpopulation, and the combination of 8 factors demonstrated an accuracy of 91.81 percent and was helpful for gender determination.

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Determination of dental age in a living person is also equally important to know his /her age where there is no birth record available for legal purposes.The present study involves the radiographic examination of mandibular 3rd molar on digital Panoramic X-Ray. The radiograph of each subject was then interpreted following the guidelines suggested by Kullman et al (1992) for age estimation based on their developmental stage and root length of mandibular third molar. This study concluded that the developmental stages of root of mandibular third molar gives fairly accurate results and can be considered for the age estimation with the methodology suggested by Kullman et al.

Background: Biofluids possess a lot of hidden informations. Along with serum, saliva beholds great potential which needs to be discovered. Certain physical properties of saliva need to be studied closely and thus can be put into use for various diagnostic purposes. Aims and Objectives: To find difference between male and female saliva through spectrometry. Design: 20 systemically sound subjects were selected and explained about the study. The subjects should not be consuming any medication or tobacco products. Materials and Methodology: Subjects were asked to collect unstimulated saliva in the disposable vials. The samples were then centrifuged with the help of speed vacuum concentrator. Then with the help of Gilson’s pipette some centrifuge sample were taken and normal saline was added and was left to dry. With the help of Raman’s Spectrometer 585nm the spectra was recorded and each sample were assessed 5 times. And then raw data was processed. Result and Conclusion: PCA (Principal Component Analysis), LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) and Average Spectra are derived. The LDA accuracy of our study was above 70% which is good for future research purposes as anything above 60% can be considered as important breakthrough.