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We conclude that fetal development in uncomplicated pregnancies occurs in the absence of an amniotic fluid microbiota and that the offspring microbial colonization starts after uterine contractions and rupture of amniotic membrane.

Reversing or aborting the increase in allergic and other immunerelated noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Western world, first observed for allergic rhinitis from the 1890s, 1 requires priat, or in collaboration with (in Sweden), the 3 participating hospitals were eligible, provided sufficient language skills. Women carrying more than 2 fetuses, fetuses with severe malformations or disease and infants born prior to 35.0 weeks of GA, were excluded.All infants were randomized at birth to 1 of 4 similar sized groups: (1) no intervention; (2) skin care (oil-bath at least 5 days per week from 0.5 to 9 months of age); (3) consecutive introduction, between 3 and 4 months of age, of peanut, milk, wheat, and egg at least 4 days per week complementary to breastfeeding; or (4) both interventions. Weekly electronic diaries (2-26 weeks of age) recorded skin care, infant feeding, and symptoms of allergic diseases.Adverse events (0-12 months of age) elicited relevant investigations and treatment by direct access for the participants to the local pediatric department.Data collection (Figure 1, Table S1) includes electronic questionnaires with information of health and disease in the mother, child, and family; lifestyle; environment; stress; quality of life; diet in the mother and offspring; clinical investigations; fetal and child anthropometrics; lung function; skin barrier; allergy; and blood pressure